Untitled Quiz

Bone is mainly composed of inert tissue and osteocytes (cells).

Trabecular bone is lighter and more flexible than compact bone.

X-ray measurements of bone mineral mass are affected by factors like thickness, bone density and positioning.

Different types of bone fractures can be diagnosed using an X-ray image (e.g., hairline fractures, complete breaks).

Lubricates joints to reduce friction allowing smooth movement.

Bones, along with muscles, provide structural support to the body.

Bone joints allow for movement of one bone relative to another.

Bones store minerals like calcium for the body's use.

Bone is made up of two main components: collagen (organic) and bone mineral (inorganic), plus water.

Collagen is the organic component of bone, making up about 40% of bone's weight and 60% of its volume. It gives bone flexibility.

Bone mineral, mostly calcium hydroxyapatite, is the inorganic component of bone, comprising about 60% of bone's weight and 40% of its volume. It provides bone's strength.

Bone mineral crystals are rod-shaped, with diameters of 20-70 nm and lengths of 50-100 nm. This structure gives a large surface area.

Compact bone is stronger than trabecular bone due to its dense structure. Trabecular bone, found at the ends of long bones, is weaker.

Trabecular bone is found in the ends of long bones.

Bones absorb X-rays better than surrounding soft tissue due to calcium's heavy nucleus.

Bone tumors can be detected using radioactive fluorine (14F), that is injected into the body.

A type of bone tissue with a porous, lattice-like structure, providing strength with less material than compact bone.

Trabecular bone efficiently resists compressive forces, like those at the ends of bones, but is not strong against bending, a common force in long bones.

A measure of a material's stiffness; it's the ratio of stress to strain in the material's initial linear portion.

When a bone is stretched, it elongates progressively until it breaks. The elongation follows a specific curve.

A break in the bone. Its healing can be influenced by things like immobilization and perhaps even electrical impulses.

A force that pushes inward on a material.

A force that pulls outward on a material.

The process by which the body fixes a broken bone. Growth and repair are influenced by many factors, including electrical fields.

Traditional x-rays are not ideal for accurately measuring bone mineral density due to factors like heterogeneous beam energy, scattered radiation, and film's non-linear response.

A technique using a precise, narrow beam of x-rays or gamma rays to measure bone density by analyzing the amount of radiation absorbed and transmitted through bone. This overcomes the limitations of traditional X-rays.

A source generating x-rays or gamma rays of a single, specific energy to ensure consistent absorption by bone.

A focused beam of radiation to minimize scattering and ensure accurate measurements.

A sensitive detector converting radiation into light pulses, used for precise measurement of bone density.

The amount of bone mineral (BM) at any point in the beam is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of incident intensity (Io) to transmitted intensity (I), represented by the formula: BM (g/cm2) = K log (Io/I), where K is a constant.

A technique measuring bone mineral density by exposing the body to neutrons, which converts calcium and other elements into radioactive forms emitting gamma rays, providing information about bone mineral content.

Radioactive calcium emits specific energy gamma rays detectable in In vivo activation, indicating the quantity of calcium in the body.

Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant in joints, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement.

The synovial membrane encloses the joint and produces and retains the lubricating synovial fluid.

Articular cartilage is a smooth, rubbery material covering the joint surfaces, providing a low-friction surface for movement.

Articular cartilage absorbs synovial fluid, providing additional lubrication, especially under stress.

Synovial fluid's viscosity (thickness) changes under pressure, becoming less viscous (thinner) for better lubrication.

Hyaluronic acid and mucopolysaccharides are key components giving synovial fluid its lubricating properties.

Measuring bone mineral mass is crucial for diagnosing osteoporosis, as low bone density is a key characteristic.

Bone strength relies heavily on the amount of bone mineral present, highlighting why accurate measurement is essential for osteoporosis diagnosis.