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Questions and Answers
What does morphology primarily study in language?
What does morphology primarily study in language?
Which example reflects inflectional morphology?
Which example reflects inflectional morphology?
Which of the following is a characteristic of derivational morphology?
Which of the following is a characteristic of derivational morphology?
What aspect of grammar does syntax focus on?
What aspect of grammar does syntax focus on?
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In the example 'artist' vs. 'artistic', what type of linguistic aspect is being analyzed?
In the example 'artist' vs. 'artistic', what type of linguistic aspect is being analyzed?
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Which of the following is not a definition of grammar?
Which of the following is not a definition of grammar?
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Which definition best describes inflectional morphology?
Which definition best describes inflectional morphology?
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What type of meaning do morphemes represent?
What type of meaning do morphemes represent?
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Which element of a noun phrase is described as having a tight semantic bond with the head and can be semi-obligatory?
Which element of a noun phrase is described as having a tight semantic bond with the head and can be semi-obligatory?
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What type of dependent is typically longer, often includes an apposition or a non-restrictive relative clause, and is usually optional?
What type of dependent is typically longer, often includes an apposition or a non-restrictive relative clause, and is usually optional?
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What is a characteristic of a modifier within a noun phrase?
What is a characteristic of a modifier within a noun phrase?
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Which of the following pronouns can replace people or things within a relative clause?
Which of the following pronouns can replace people or things within a relative clause?
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In which sentence is the relative clause non-restrictive?
In which sentence is the relative clause non-restrictive?
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What happens to a relative clause when it is reduced?
What happens to a relative clause when it is reduced?
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Which statement correctly describes an adjunct in a sentence?
Which statement correctly describes an adjunct in a sentence?
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Which of the following best describes a relative adverb's role in a sentence?
Which of the following best describes a relative adverb's role in a sentence?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'constituent' in grammar?
Which of the following best describes the term 'constituent' in grammar?
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Which of the following is an example of a clause?
Which of the following is an example of a clause?
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What is the purpose of constituency tests?
What is the purpose of constituency tests?
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Which method of representing constituency involves creating a visual diagram with branches?
Which method of representing constituency involves creating a visual diagram with branches?
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What kind of words are referred to as lexical or content words?
What kind of words are referred to as lexical or content words?
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What does parsing refer to in grammar?
What does parsing refer to in grammar?
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Which of the following is NOT a method for identifying constituents?
Which of the following is NOT a method for identifying constituents?
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What does nesting refer to in the context of grammatical structure?
What does nesting refer to in the context of grammatical structure?
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Which use of the present perfect indicates a situation that began in the past and continues to the present?
Which use of the present perfect indicates a situation that began in the past and continues to the present?
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What does the past perfect tense refer to?
What does the past perfect tense refer to?
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Which of the following is a function of the future simple tense using 'will'?
Which of the following is a function of the future simple tense using 'will'?
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In which context is 'going to' used as a future reference?
In which context is 'going to' used as a future reference?
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What construction is used to indicate a formal future arrangement?
What construction is used to indicate a formal future arrangement?
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Which of the following sentences uses the present progressive for an arrangement?
Which of the following sentences uses the present progressive for an arrangement?
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What aspect is incompatible with the progressive form?
What aspect is incompatible with the progressive form?
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Which statement correctly describes the difference between tense and time?
Which statement correctly describes the difference between tense and time?
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What is epistemic modality primarily concerned with?
What is epistemic modality primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following is an example of deontic modality?
Which of the following is an example of deontic modality?
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What does hedging in language help to achieve?
What does hedging in language help to achieve?
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Identify the clause type used in the sentence: 'If you had come, you would have met my friend.'
Identify the clause type used in the sentence: 'If you had come, you would have met my friend.'
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Which use of adjectives is correctly matched with its definition?
Which use of adjectives is correctly matched with its definition?
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What does the term 'postpositive' refer to in terms of adjectives?
What does the term 'postpositive' refer to in terms of adjectives?
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Which of the following correctly describes a dynamic modality example?
Which of the following correctly describes a dynamic modality example?
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What type of adjective formation uses a suffix like -ful or -less?
What type of adjective formation uses a suffix like -ful or -less?
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What does the term 'long passive' refer to in sentence construction?
What does the term 'long passive' refer to in sentence construction?
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Which type of passive construction is used when the prepositional phrase complement becomes the subject?
Which type of passive construction is used when the prepositional phrase complement becomes the subject?
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In the context of verb situation types, which option correctly describes a state?
In the context of verb situation types, which option correctly describes a state?
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What does the term 'get passive' imply in informal language?
What does the term 'get passive' imply in informal language?
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Which of the following sentences best exemplifies a ditransitive clause in passive voice?
Which of the following sentences best exemplifies a ditransitive clause in passive voice?
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What is the primary function of end-focus in sentence construction?
What is the primary function of end-focus in sentence construction?
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Which option correctly describes an accomplishment verb situation type?
Which option correctly describes an accomplishment verb situation type?
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Which of the following statements about generic references is true?
Which of the following statements about generic references is true?
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Study Notes
GIU Summary of Tutorials and Lectures
- Grammar is a system that organizes language into large units, particularly sentences.
- Grammar is a particular description of a system, embodied in a set of rules.
- Grammar is the branch of linguistics dealing with the construction of descriptions and investigation of their properties.
- Grammar is closely linked with phonology and lexicon.
- Examples of idioms include: kick the bucket, spill the beans, a piece of cake.
- Phonology involves different stress patterns and plural forms.
- Syntax studies sentence structure.
- Morphology studies the shape and structure of words, including morphemes.
Session 1
- Grammar as a system that organises language
- Grammar as a book of rules written about this system
- Grammar as a branch of linguistics linked with phonology and lexicon.
Session 2
- Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period.
- Sentences are made up of clauses.
- Clauses contain a lexical verb.
- Phrases are groups of words around a head, such as a noun phrase.
- Words are combinations of morphemes.
- Morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning.
- Constituents are syntactically behaving words or strings of words in a larger construction.
Session 3
- Subjects usually describe an actor or topic of a situation.
- Subjects are usually in the left-most position when the sentence is structured correctly.
- Subjects commonly use nouns.
- Predicates consist of (main) predicates, object complements and subject complements.
- Direct objects are the entity affected by the action.
- Indirect objects receive something as a result of the action.
Session 4
- Semantic, morphological and syntactic criteria are used to determine words and their usage.
- Common nouns have plural and singular forms.
- Pronouns have different subtypes (e.g. personal, relative, and possessive).
Session 5
- Three parameters of verbs include duration, dynamics, and inherent endpoint,
- State, activity, accomplishment, and achievement are four situation types of verbs.
- A major distinction exists between stative and dynamic event verbs; stative, activity, accomplishment, and achievement are the four situation types of verbs.
Session 6
- Lexical verbs express different situation types, while auxiliary verbs can act as the head of a verb phrase.
- English uses two aspects: perfect and progressive.
- Progressive aspect focuses on the middle of an act, not considering the beginning and end of an event.
- Distinguishing achievement from accomplishment is key in identifying verb types.
Session 7
- Modality describes a speaker's attitude toward the factual content of a sentence.
- Modal auxiliary verbs express modality.
- Stance adjuncts and stance subordinate clauses express modality.
Session 8
- Adjectives describe properties.
- Properties can be expressed through inflectional morphological forms such as comparative and superlative.
- Derivational morphology can be used to create new adjectives from other parts of speech.
- Adjectives have three typical uses in a sentence: attributive, predicative, and postpositive.
Session 9
- Sentence types can be simple, compound, and complex.
- Parts of a sentence include clauses and phrases, all the words or structures needed for an independent thought.
- Finite clauses are marked for tense, while infinite clauses are not.
- Infinite clauses are also divided into various subtypes (e.g. infinitives, the -ing form, the -ed form).
Session 10
- Finite clauses are marked for tense.
- Infinitive clauses, -ing clauses, and -ed clauses are types of non-finite clauses.
- Subordinate clauses are embedded inside other clauses.
- Clauses of complementation often exist after certain types of verbs.
- Obligatory adjuncts can be either locative or temporal in clauses.
Session 11
- Word order in English follows the SVO structure (subject, verb, object).
- Adjuncts, modifiers of a clause, can exist in various locations, or positions, in the clause structure.
- Cohesion refers to linking between sentences to form a connected text or piece of communication.
- Coherence relates to the meaning of a piece of text.
- End-focus is the tendency for the end of a clause to contain new information.
- End-weight describes a long or complex constituent appearing towards the end of a clause.
Session 12
- Thematic progression shows how a text moves from one topic to another.
- Thematic aspects consist of topics and foci.
- Active voice involves the subject performing the action.
- Passive voice focuses on the object or recipient of the action.
- Passive voice can be used to achieve impersonality or to focus on the result of an action.
Session 13
- Types of passive voice, including short, long, ditransitive and prepositional, are each used to express a particular aspect or emphasis of a sentence.
- Non-finite clauses, those that don't have tense, include infinitives and -ing/-ed clauses.
- Catenative verbs typically use a non-finite clause as a complement, creating a complex verb phrase structure.
Sessions 14 - 19
- The provided text does not contain summaries for specific sessions 14-19. These need to be supplied.
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