Untitled Quiz

GIU Summary of Tutorials and Lectures

• Grammar is a system that organizes language into large units, particularly sentences.
• Grammar is a particular description of a system, embodied in a set of rules.
• Grammar is the branch of linguistics dealing with the construction of descriptions and investigation of their properties.
• Grammar is closely linked with phonology and lexicon.
• Examples of idioms include: kick the bucket, spill the beans, a piece of cake.
• Phonology involves different stress patterns and plural forms.
• Syntax studies sentence structure.
• Morphology studies the shape and structure of words, including morphemes.

Session 1

• Grammar as a system that organises language
• Grammar as a book of rules written about this system
• Grammar as a branch of linguistics linked with phonology and lexicon.

Session 2

• Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a period.
• Sentences are made up of clauses.
• Clauses contain a lexical verb.
• Phrases are groups of words around a head, such as a noun phrase.
• Words are combinations of morphemes.
• Morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning.
• Constituents are syntactically behaving words or strings of words in a larger construction.

Session 3

• Subjects usually describe an actor or topic of a situation.
• Subjects are usually in the left-most position when the sentence is structured correctly.
• Subjects commonly use nouns.
• Predicates consist of (main) predicates, object complements and subject complements.
• Direct objects are the entity affected by the action.
• Indirect objects receive something as a result of the action.

Session 4

• Semantic, morphological and syntactic criteria are used to determine words and their usage.
• Common nouns have plural and singular forms.
• Pronouns have different subtypes (e.g. personal, relative, and possessive).

Session 5

• Three parameters of verbs include duration, dynamics, and inherent endpoint,
• State, activity, accomplishment, and achievement are four situation types of verbs.
• A major distinction exists between stative and dynamic event verbs; stative, activity, accomplishment, and achievement are the four situation types of verbs.

Session 6

• Lexical verbs express different situation types, while auxiliary verbs can act as the head of a verb phrase.
• English uses two aspects: perfect and progressive.
• Progressive aspect focuses on the middle of an act, not considering the beginning and end of an event.
• Distinguishing achievement from accomplishment is key in identifying verb types.

Session 7

• Modality describes a speaker's attitude toward the factual content of a sentence.
• Modal auxiliary verbs express modality.
• Stance adjuncts and stance subordinate clauses express modality.

Session 8

• Adjectives describe properties.
• Properties can be expressed through inflectional morphological forms such as comparative and superlative.
• Derivational morphology can be used to create new adjectives from other parts of speech.
• Adjectives have three typical uses in a sentence: attributive, predicative, and postpositive.

Session 9

• Sentence types can be simple, compound, and complex.
• Parts of a sentence include clauses and phrases, all the words or structures needed for an independent thought.
• Finite clauses are marked for tense, while infinite clauses are not.
• Infinite clauses are also divided into various subtypes (e.g. infinitives, the -ing form, the -ed form).

Session 10

• Finite clauses are marked for tense.
• Infinitive clauses, -ing clauses, and -ed clauses are types of non-finite clauses.
• Subordinate clauses are embedded inside other clauses.
• Clauses of complementation often exist after certain types of verbs.
• Obligatory adjuncts can be either locative or temporal in clauses.

Session 11

• Word order in English follows the SVO structure (subject, verb, object).
• Adjuncts, modifiers of a clause, can exist in various locations, or positions, in the clause structure.
• Cohesion refers to linking between sentences to form a connected text or piece of communication.
• Coherence relates to the meaning of a piece of text.
• End-focus is the tendency for the end of a clause to contain new information.
• End-weight describes a long or complex constituent appearing towards the end of a clause.

Session 12

• Thematic progression shows how a text moves from one topic to another.
• Thematic aspects consist of topics and foci.
• Active voice involves the subject performing the action.
• Passive voice focuses on the object or recipient of the action.
• Passive voice can be used to achieve impersonality or to focus on the result of an action.

Session 13

• Types of passive voice, including short, long, ditransitive and prepositional, are each used to express a particular aspect or emphasis of a sentence.
• Non-finite clauses, those that don't have tense, include infinitives and -ing/-ed clauses.
• Catenative verbs typically use a non-finite clause as a complement, creating a complex verb phrase structure.

Sessions 14 - 19

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