Untitled Quiz
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is value created defined as?

  • Consumer surplus plus Total revenue minus Real cost
  • Total revenue minus Consumer surplus plus Cost
  • Revenue minus Cost plus Producer surplus (correct)
  • Profit plus Consumer surplus minus Producer surplus
  • Which approach focuses on maximizing the wealth of owners?

  • Coalition of interests approach
  • Community engagement approach
  • Shareholder approach (correct)
  • Stakeholder approach
  • What is a major rationale for firms to maximize profits?

  • To attract non-competitive markets
  • To create a monopoly in the market
  • To ensure long-term profitability and stakeholder satisfaction (correct)
  • To decrease overall operational costs
  • What does it mean for a firm's return on capital to be greater than its cost of capital?

    <p>The firm is able to sustain itself and remain competitive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are firms that do not maximize profits vulnerable to acquisition?

    <p>They cannot sustain market relevance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an aspect of the stakeholder approach?

    <p>Creating wealth for owners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'rents' to input providers?

    <p>Payments earned by resources used in production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial for firms to achieve long-term profitability?

    <p>Maintaining relations with customers and communities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return on assets (ROA) percentage for UPS?

    <p>13.2% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company has a higher maintenance cost as a percentage of sales?

    <p>FedEx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does UPS's fuel cost percentage compare to FedEx's?

    <p>UPS has a lower fuel cost percentage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PPE turnover ratio for FedEx?

    <p>2.03 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates that UPS is more efficient than FedEx in managing its cash?

    <p>Cash turnover of 17.3 for UPS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge when estimating cash flows?

    <p>It is difficult to estimate cash flows more than 2 or 3 years ahead. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strategy for maximizing value on existing assets?

    <p>Maximize the rate of return. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a new investment's rate of return exceed to ensure its viability?

    <p>The cost of capital. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Return on Equity (ROE) measure?

    <p>The firm's success in using shareholders' capital to generate profits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is correct for calculating Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)?

    <p>Operating profit / (Equity + Debt). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gross Margin measure?

    <p>The value added to goods and services purchased. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might value maximization promote short-termism?

    <p>It encourages focusing on immediate returns rather than long-term profitability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which profitability ratio measures the return generated on total assets?

    <p>Return on Assets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is directly linked to performance targets for order size?

    <p>Sales/Account (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What performance target is associated with assessing the effectiveness of inventory management?

    <p>Turnover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which value driver relates to the assessment of costs in relation to sales?

    <p>Cost/Sales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these metrics would best indicate the capital utilization of a company?

    <p>Capacity Utilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a performance target linked to shareholder value creation?

    <p>Customer Mix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate operating margin?

    <p>Operating profit / Sales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which profitability ratio measures the firm's success in using shareholders' capital to generate profits?

    <p>Return on Equity (ROE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does enterprise value represent?

    <p>Total market value of equity plus market value of debt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is enterprise value preferred over shareholder value maximization?

    <p>Differentiating between debt and equity is challenging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)?

    <p>Operating profit before interest and tax / (Equity + Debt) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does net margin differ from operating margin?

    <p>Net margin includes income from all sources after expenses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which profitability ratio should be used to assess the return on all company assets?

    <p>Return on Assets (ROA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern with shareholder value maximization?

    <p>It emphasizes short-term profits and can manipulate reported earnings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EBITDA stand for?

    <p>Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation, and Amortization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gross margin calculated?

    <p>Sales - Cost of Material Inputs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures a firm's ability to extract profit from its sales?

    <p>Operating Profit / Sales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one component used in disaggregating ROA?

    <p>Sales / Fixed Assets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ratio indicates how effectively a company uses its assets to generate sales?

    <p>Sales/Assets Ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the relationship between Sales and Receivables?

    <p>Creditor Turnover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The operating margin is influenced by which of the following?

    <p>Capital intensity differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Value Maximization

    The goal of maximizing the overall value of a company for its stakeholders.

    Short-Termism

    Focusing on immediate financial gains at the expense of long-term growth and sustainability.

    Rate of Return

    The percentage gain or loss on an investment over a period of time.

    Cost of Capital

    The cost of raising financial capital, including debt and equity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ROCE (Return on Capital Employed)

    A profitability ratio that measures how effectively a company uses its capital to generate profits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ROE (Return on Equity)

    A profitability ratio that measures how efficiently a company uses shareholder investments to generate profits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    ROA (Return on Assets)

    A profitability ratio that measures the efficiency with which a company utilizes its assets to generate profits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gross Margin

    A profitability ratio that measures a company's profit margin on its sales after deducting the cost of goods sold.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Value Created

    The total value generated by a business, encompassing revenue minus costs along with consumer and producer surplus.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Consumer Surplus

    The difference between the price consumers are willing to pay for a good and the actual price they pay. It represents the extra value consumers receive.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Producer Surplus

    The difference between the price producers receive for a good and the minimum price they are willing to accept. It represents the extra value producers receive.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Profit

    The difference between total revenue and total costs. It represents the financial gain a company makes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Shareholder Approach

    A business strategy focused on maximizing the wealth of the company's owners (shareholders) by prioritizing profit.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Stakeholder Approach

    A business strategy that considers the interests of all stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, and the community.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Return on Capital

    The profit generated from invested capital, expressed as a percentage.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Operating Margin

    A profitability ratio that measures how much profit a company generates from its sales after paying for variable costs of production. It is calculated by dividing operating profit by sales.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Net Margin

    A profitability ratio that measures a company's net income as a percentage of its sales. It reflects the total profit generated by the company after all expenses have been deducted.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Enterprise Value

    The total market value of a company's equity and debt. This value is often used to compare the value of different companies, especially when considering mergers and acquisitions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Shareholder Value

    The total value of a company's shares, reflecting the market's perception of its future profitability and growth.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)

    A profitability ratio that measures how effectively a company uses its capital to generate profits. It is calculated by dividing operating profit by the sum of equity and debt.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Return on Equity (ROE)

    A profitability ratio that measures a company's profitability as a percentage of its shareholder equity. It indicates how efficiently a company uses its shareholders' investment to generate profits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Return on Assets (ROA)

    A profitability ratio that measures a company's profitability in relation to its assets. It indicates how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate profits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Why is Enterprise Value Maximization Preferred Over Shareholder Value Maximization?

    Maximizing Enterprise Value is considered more holistic as it considers the value created for all stakeholders, including debt holders. This approach is less susceptible to manipulation and short-term profit maximization strategies.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Performance Analysis

    The process of evaluating a company's efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability by examining various aspects of its operations and financial performance.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Value Drivers

    Key elements or factors that positively influence a company's financial performance, including growth, profitability, and shareholder value.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Performance Targets

    Specific, measurable goals set for different aspects of a company's performance, such as sales, costs, or customer satisfaction.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Linking Value Drivers to Performance Targets

    Connecting key factors that contribute to a company's value with specific performance goals to ensure aligned growth and profitability.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Analyzing Performance across Levels

    Evaluating performance at different levels within a company, from the CEO to departments, to understand how each contributes to overall success.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    UPS vs. FedEx ROA

    UPS has a significantly higher ROA (Return on Assets) compared to FedEx. This indicates UPS generates more profit from its assets, highlighting its efficiency in asset utilization.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    UPS's Lower Labor Costs

    UPS has lower labor costs as a percentage of sales compared to FedEx, suggesting more efficient labor management or potentially lower wages.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    UPS's Lower Fuel Costs

    UPS has lower fuel costs as a percentage of sales than FedEx, indicating better fuel efficiency or potentially lower fuel prices.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    UPS's Higher Operating Margin

    UPS has a higher operating margin than FedEx, implying greater profitability after accounting for operating expenses (excluding interest and taxes).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    UPS's Higher PPE Turnover

    UPS has a higher PPE (Property, Plant, and Equipment) turnover ratio compared to FedEx, showing it utilizes its fixed assets more productively to generate sales.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    EBITDA

    Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization. A measure of a company's operating profitability.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    EBIT

    Earnings Before Interest and Taxes. A measure of a company's profitability from its operations rather than its financing activities.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fixed Asset Turnover

    Measures how efficiently a company uses its fixed assets (like machinery, buildings) to generate sales. Calculated as Sales / Fixed Assets (PPE)

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Inventory Turnover

    Measures how quickly a company sells its inventory. Calculated as Sales / Inventory.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Creditor Turnover

    Measures how efficiently a company collects payments from its customers. Calculated as Sales / Receivables.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Contemporary Strategy Analysis - Chapter 2

    • Strategy as a quest for value: Business exists to create value, often driven by the founder's vision (e.g., Henry Ford, Steve Jobs, Jack Ma). Value is the monetary worth of a product, and firms aim to create value for customers and appropriate part of that value as profit for survival.

    What is Business For?

    • Every business has a unique purpose, often reflecting the founder's motivations.
    • Examples include Henry Ford (Ford Motor Company), Steve Jobs (Apple), and Jack Ma (Alibaba).
    • All businesses have a fundamental desire/need to create value.

    Value Creation

    • Profit = Revenue - Cost
    • Value created = Consumer surplus + Producer surplus
    • Profit is what customers pay, and the difference between input costs and what customers paid.
    • Consumer surplus and producer surplus make up a product's value.

    Value for Whom? Shareholders vs Stakeholders

    • Shareholder approach: The firm exists to maximize the wealth of its owners.
    • Stakeholder approach: The firm is a coalition of interest groups. It must create value for all of them; customers, motivated employees, and good relations with governments and communities.
    • To simplify strategy analysis, the primary goal of a firm is assumed to be maximizing profit over its lifetime.
    • Competition requires a firm to earn a return on capital greater than the cost of capital.
    • Firm performance is vulnerable to acquisition if not maximizing profits.
    • Healthy profitability drives customer satisfaction and good relations with employees and stakeholders.

    Profit, Cash Flow, and Enterprise Value

    • Profit: Different measures (e.g., Return on Sales [ROS], Return on Equity [ROE], Return on Assets [ROA], Return to shareholders) show different company rankings.
    • Linking profit to enterprise value: Profit maximization is ambiguous (measuring total profit vs. rate of profit, time period). Maximizing enterprise value is clearer, focusing on net present value of free cash flows.
    • Enterprise value (V): Net present value of free cash flows equals the sum of the present value of all future free cash flows.

    Value Maximization and Strategy Choice

    • Use Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) approach to choose strategies.
    • Estimate cash flows and costs of capital for each strategy.
    • Select the strategy that maximizes Net Present Value (NPV).
    • Estimating cash flows is difficult more than 2-3 years out, leading to potential short-termism.

    Profitability Ratios

    • Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): Measures return on the capital invested in a business.
    • Return on Equity (ROE): Measures the firm's success using shareholders' capital to generate profits available to investors.
    • Return on Assets (ROA): Measures the firm's use of all assets.
    • Other profitability ratios include Gross margin, Operating margin, and Net margin.

    Enterprise Value and Shareholder Value

    • Enterprise value = Market capitalization of equity + Market value of debt.
    • Maximizing enterprise value may be preferable to maximizing shareholder value as distinctions between debt and equity are not always clear.

    Putting Performance Analysis into Practice

    • Profitability ratios: used for performance analysis, including ROCE, ROE, ROA, gross margin, operating margin, and net margin.
    • Disaggregating ROA: Breaking down ROA into components to better understand performance drivers—Sales margin, turnover ratios (Fixed asset, inventory, creditor, sales).
    • The key to analyzing profitability is to disaggregate the ROA in order to improve the firm's performance.

    Linking Value Drivers to Performance Targets

    • Key drivers linked to ROCE (return on capital employed) include sales/cogs, development costs/sales, inventory turnover, and capacity utilization.
    • Metrics (e.g., order size, customer mix, customer churn) help to assess customer satisfaction and performance.
    • Financial Performance, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and corporate social responsibility.

    Balanced Scorecard for a Regional Airline

    • Financial perspective: Increase profitability, increase seat revenue, minimize costs.
    • Customer perspective: On-time arrival, customer satisfaction, high customer quality.
    • Internal perspective: Improve on-time departure, and decrease ground time.
    • Learning perspective: Employee training, and alignment of the ground crew.

    Pitfalls of Pursuing Shareholder Value: Boeing

    • Boeing's pursuit of shareholder value (focused on building planes) led to financial problems in later periods.

    Beyond Profit: Values and Corporate Social Responsibility

    • Values and principles commit organizations to ethical precepts and guidelines for behavior.
    • Deeply held values are conducive to motivating employees, reinforcing strategic direction, and enhancing organizational unity.
    • CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) isn't just a goal; it can create long-term profit by enhancing adaptability, reputation, and legitimacy.

    Beyond Profit: Strategy as Options Management

    • Real options are investments that create opportunities for firms in turbulent environments.
    • Examples are growth options (e.g. research) and flexibility options.
    • Real options are valued using Black-Scholes or binomial pricing models to simulate future circumstances.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    More Like This

    Untitled Quiz
    6 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    AdoredHealing avatar
    AdoredHealing
    Untitled Quiz
    37 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
    WellReceivedSquirrel7948
    Untitled Quiz
    55 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StatuesquePrimrose avatar
    StatuesquePrimrose
    Untitled Quiz
    48 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StraightforwardStatueOfLiberty avatar
    StraightforwardStatueOfLiberty
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser