Rizal's Social Class: Philippine Nationalist Hero Quiz and Flashcards

Study Notes

José Rizal: The Life and Journey of a Philippine Nationalist Hero

José Rizal, born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, was the seventh child of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso. Known as the Philippines' national hero, Rizal's life was defined by his commitment to education and his unwavering belief in Filipino nationalism.

Childhood and Family Background

Rizal's family was well-off and influential, belonging to the principalia class or ruling elite of Calamba. His father, Francisco Mercado, was a respected man in their community, serving as the cabeza de barrio or head of town. He was part Chinese, having descended from Domingo Lamco, a full-blooded Chinese entrepreneur who adopted the surname Mercado. The family was multi-racial, with Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino heritage. Despite the wealth, they faced struggles against the Spanish colonial authorities due to their perceived threat to Spanish rule. Rizal had nine sisters and one brother named Paciano, who played a significant role in his political activism later in life.

Education and Early Learning

From an early age, Rizal's parents recognized the importance of education despite their own challenges under Spanish colonial rule. They made sure that he received quality education. As he grew older, private tutors were hired to give him lessons at home in preparation for formal schooling. One such tutor was Leon Monroy, who continued teaching him until he joined formal schools.

In Binan, Laguna, Rizal first learned about Catholicism and developed his intellectual curiosity and love for literature. At the age of sixteen, he was sent to study at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where he honed his linguistic abilities and excelled academically. Despite facing discrimination and harassment from Spanish students and teachers, he became the president of the school's literary club and began writing poems, sketches, and plays.

Nationalism and Early Activism

Rizal's experiences during childhood and education fostered his strong sense of nationalism. He advocated for social reform and equality among Filipinos and Spaniards. Despite his opposition to Spanish rule, Rizal did not advocate for independence initially. Instead, he focused on promoting integration of the Philippines within Spain, representation in the Cortes, replacement of Spanish friars with Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equal rights before the law.

Rizal's works, such as "The Reign of Greed" and "The Social Cancer," passionately exposed the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines, shaping public opinion towards the need for change. His political program aimed at peaceful reform rather than revolution, reflecting his commitment to nonviolence.

Conclusion

José Rizal's life, childhood, and education played a pivotal role in shaping him into the revered Philippine nationalist hero known for his dedication to education and Filipino nationalism. His journey serves as an inspiration to the pursuit of truth and justice, demonstrating the power of education in driving societal transformation.