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Questions and Answers
What does the basic structure of society primarily aim to distribute?
What does the basic structure of society primarily aim to distribute?
Justice as fairness does not consider the principles of cooperation and consensus.
Justice as fairness does not consider the principles of cooperation and consensus.
False
What is the term used for the theoretical scenario where individuals agree on principles of justice under fair conditions?
What is the term used for the theoretical scenario where individuals agree on principles of justice under fair conditions?
Original position
The basic structure of society includes institutions such as the political constitution, judiciary, and __________.
The basic structure of society includes institutions such as the political constitution, judiciary, and __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the public conception of justice?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the public conception of justice?
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Match the concepts with their descriptions:
Match the concepts with their descriptions:
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What is meant by 'reasonable consensus' in the context of justice?
What is meant by 'reasonable consensus' in the context of justice?
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The theory of justice proposed by Rawls assumes that a historical agreement has been made.
The theory of justice proposed by Rawls assumes that a historical agreement has been made.
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What is the primary aim of justice as fairness?
What is the primary aim of justice as fairness?
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The ‘veil of ignorance’ is a concept that allows individuals to determine the principles of justice without knowledge of their personal circumstances.
The ‘veil of ignorance’ is a concept that allows individuals to determine the principles of justice without knowledge of their personal circumstances.
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Define what is meant by a 'well-ordered society'.
Define what is meant by a 'well-ordered society'.
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Justice as fairness includes the concepts of _____, reciprocity, and mutual advantage.
Justice as fairness includes the concepts of _____, reciprocity, and mutual advantage.
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of social cooperation according to justice as fairness?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of social cooperation according to justice as fairness?
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Reasonable pluralism means that individuals in a society can have different beliefs while still sharing a common notion of justice.
Reasonable pluralism means that individuals in a society can have different beliefs while still sharing a common notion of justice.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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The political conception of justice aims to ensure _____ cooperation among rational and reasonable citizens.
The political conception of justice aims to ensure _____ cooperation among rational and reasonable citizens.
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Which role of political philosophy provides a framework for public reasoning and judgment about social and political institutions?
Which role of political philosophy provides a framework for public reasoning and judgment about social and political institutions?
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Justice as fairness is a theory that promotes the idea of imposing one's personal beliefs onto others.
Justice as fairness is a theory that promotes the idea of imposing one's personal beliefs onto others.
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What are the four roles of political philosophy?
What are the four roles of political philosophy?
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Justice as fairness is a theory proposed by _____ in the context of a liberal society.
Justice as fairness is a theory proposed by _____ in the context of a liberal society.
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What do reasonable citizens want from their society?
What do reasonable citizens want from their society?
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Public reason allows citizens to impose their own doctrines as the truth.
Public reason allows citizens to impose their own doctrines as the truth.
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Explain the concept of the Original Position in the context of justice.
Explain the concept of the Original Position in the context of justice.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
John Rawls - Political Philosophy
- Rawls's political philosophy arises in times of deep societal conflict, focusing on achieving agreement through rational principles.
- An example of such conflict is the Wars of Religion during the 16th and 17th centuries.
- Rawls highlights the conflict between liberty and equality in democratic societies.
- Locke emphasized individual liberty, while Rousseau focused on collective freedom.
- Rawls's aim is to find a balance between individual and collective needs.
- Political philosophy aims to balance competing viewpoints, like modern and ancient traditions.
Roles of Political Philosophy
- Practical/Guiding role: Political philosophy provides tools for public reasoning and judgment on social and political institutions. It clarifies complex concepts about how a society should function.
- Reconciliation role: It helps individuals understand how societal institutions align with justice principles, promoting reconciliation within society.
- Orientation role: It guides citizens to understand their social roles within the larger societal structure.
- Forward-looking role: It encourages thinking about possible future societal ideals and alternatives to existing systems.
Key Concepts
- Reasonable citizens: Desire cooperative societies where terms are acceptable to all members, aiming for mutually agreeable rules.
- Public reason: Citizens are expected to justify views that all citizens could reasonably accept. Citizens must believe that other citizens can reasonably accept these views.
- Justice as fairness: A core concept, focusing on a fair arrangement of social institutions where the benefits and burdens of life are evenly distributed.
- Basic structure: This is the way in which the main political and social institutions of a society are set up to operate within a well-functioning system of cooperation.
- Original Position: A hypothetical scenario to help reason fairly, considering what people would agree to under ideal conditions; not necessarily representing reality.
- Reflective Equilibrium: A process of adjusting moral principles and judgments (practical aspects) until they align with a person's considered judgments about specific situations, enabling better understanding of moral principles.
- Liberty Principle: Enforces equal rights for all individuals, irrespective of background. Ensures similar freedoms.
- Difference Principle (Equity): Societal policies and institutions shape society for the greatest possible advantage to the least advantaged.
- Overlapping Consensus: In political liberalism, there is an agreement that diverse and conflicting moral perspectives can accept shared principles despite their differences.
- Reasonable Consensus: Refers to the ways in which the main political institutions fit together to create a functional social structure.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of John Rawls's political philosophy, addressing the balance between liberty and equality amidst societal conflicts. Discover the roles of political philosophy in guiding public reasoning and fostering reconciliation. Analyze the contrasts between individual liberty and collective freedom as discussed by prominent thinkers like Locke and Rousseau.
