Untitled Quiz
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is implied about true opinions according to Socrates?

  • They replace the need for knowledge.
  • They need justification to hold value. (correct)
  • They have a lasting impact.
  • They are always beneficial.

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the traditional definition of knowledge?

  • S is justified in believing that P
  • S believes that P
  • P is true
  • P is universal (correct)

    • What principle emphasizes the permissible use of power over individuals?

  • Responsibility Principle
  • Liberty Principle
  • Harm Principle (correct)
  • Censorship Principle

    • Why might true beliefs not be meaningful without justification?

    <p>They do not lead to knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context can certain opinions lead to punishment, according to the content?

    <p>When delivered to an excited mob.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to true opinions without justification, according to Socrates?

    <p>They disappear from one's mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the relationship between true beliefs and knowledge?

    <p>True beliefs automatically equate to knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Harm Principle, what is not considered a valid reason for exercising power over someone?

    <p>Preventing personal offense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Nature imply about covenants?

    <p>Covenants are binding and must be performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Lockean framework, what characterizes the rights to life, liberty, and property?

    <p>They are natural negative claim-rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the French Revolution, what did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen emphasize?

    <p>The importance of natural rights and equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Bentham's view on 'natural rights'?

    <p>He argued they were mere rhetorical nonsense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism Bentham made about the origin of governments?

    <p>Governments arise purely from social contracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which article from the Declaration of the Rights of Man states that men are born free and equal?

    <p>Article 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bentham suggest about rights in the absence of government?

    <p>They hold no significance without a governing authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rights are associated with the American God-given rights according to the content provided?

    <p>Natural negative claim-rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily enables individuals to feel sympathy for others?

    <p>Understanding the situation that excites the passion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of sympathy towards those who are no longer alive?

    <p>It overlooks their situation and imagines their final moments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of justice involves making proper use of one's own possessions?

    <p>Distributive Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does injustice specifically relate to according to the content?

    <p>An injury to a specific individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is stipulated for parents and children in civilized nations?

    <p>To support and care for one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is injustice punished according to the information provided?

    <p>It disrupts social cohesion and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathy differ from parallel emotions?

    <p>Sympathy can exist even when one's own feelings differ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for social interaction among individuals?

    <p>Abstinence from injuring one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Sartre imply when he states that there is no difference between the being of man and his being-free?

    <p>Being and freedom are fundamentally linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a person acting in bad faith according to Sartre?

    <p>They are pretending they are not free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does consciousness respond to factual states according to the provided content?

    <p>It can choose how to interpret them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Sartre view reductive materialism in relation to freedom?

    <p>It confines individuals to their material existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction made between a liar and a person in bad faith?

    <p>A liar is intentionally deceptive while a person in bad faith hides from themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mill, what distinguishes higher pleasures from lower pleasures?

    <p>Higher pleasures involve elevated faculties beyond basic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does John Stuart Mill imply about happiness in relation to higher and lower pleasures?

    <p>Pleasure derived from higher faculties is necessary for true happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Greatest Happiness Principle' in Mill's utilitarianism?

    <p>Acting in ways that lead to the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key objection to utilitarianism that Mill addresses?

    <p>Calculating the consequences of actions requires too much time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant's Categorical Imperative, what must a maxim do?

    <p>Be capable of being willed as universal law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the hypothetical imperative, which statement is true?

    <p>It is dictated by personal desires and situational context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Pete’s decision to borrow money from Joan illustrate a failure of the Categorical Imperative?

    <p>It demonstrates a contradiction in universal acceptability of promises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mill suggest about the judges of higher pleasures?

    <p>They are competent and prefer higher pleasures despite dissatisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ataraxia described as in the content?

    <p>Mental tranquility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Stoics, how should health be regarded?

    <p>Preferred, but not desired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes theological virtues from human virtues?

    <p>Theological virtues direct human beings towards God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virtue is described as 'the love of God above all things'?

    <p>Charity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the virtue of hope?

    <p>To desire the kingdom of heaven and eternal life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument does Aquinas address regarding the existence of God?

    <p>It is self-evident once one conceives of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Stoics' view on external circumstances?

    <p>Character should be shaped to avoid desires about external circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Aquinas suggest is an inherent quality of self-evidence?

    <p>It exists naturally within us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tranquility (Ataraxia)

    • Tranquility is a state of freedom from pain and fear/anxiety.
    • Desires are categorized as necessary or unnecessary.
    • Necessary desires are required for life.
    • Unnecessary desires are pleasant but not needed for life.

    Types of Desires

    • Natural desires are tied to human nature.
    • Unnatural desires are socially determined.

    Pleasure

    • Physical and mental pleasures exist.
    • A life of pleasure is achievable without neglecting prudence and virtue.

    Material Beliefs

    • False beliefs about the world cause unnecessary pain, anxiety, and anguish.
    • Death is not something to fear, but the annihilation of the subject.
    • Living involves sensation; death is the cessation of sensation.

    Death

    • Death, the annihilation of the subject, is not something to fear.
    • The experience of death is not a conscious experience.
    • Fear of death arises from the pain of future loss.

    Socrates' Ethics

    • Virtue is sufficient for eudaimonia.
    • Virtue is wisdom.

    Goods

    • Instrumental goods are things that are good as a means to something else, such as money.
    • Intrinsic goods are good in and of themselves.
    • Neutrals are neither good nor bad.

    Stoics

    • Virtue is the only intrinsic good.
    • Other things (like wealth and health) are not intrinsic goods.
    • The universe is rational and governed by reason.

    Human Disharmony

    • Disharmony arises from a conflict between our desires and external circumstances.
    • Complete control over circumstances and full knowledge of the universe's order are impossible.
    • Therefore, we must conform to nature.

    Shaping Character

    • We should shape our character to avoid desiring things outside our control.
    • This will lead to tranquility.
    • Fame, wealth, and other external goods are not intrinsic goods.
    • Health should be preferred but not desired as an intrinsic good..

    Theological Virtues

    • Virtue is tied to the nature of a human being and leads to divine happiness.
    • These virtues are faith, hope, and charity.

    Knowledge of God

    • Aquinas argues that the existence of God is self-evident.
    • The existence can be deduced based on the nature of whole and part.
    • Knowledge of God is implanted in all of us.

    Proofs of God's Existence

    • Argument from Motion: everything in motion is moved by something else, thus there must be a first mover.
    • Argument from Efficient Cause: there must be a first cause for all caused things.
    • Argument from Contingency: contingent things cannot be from nothing.
    • Argument from Gradation: there must be a highest standard for all types of things.
    • Argument from Design: the complexity of the universe points to an intelligent designer.

    Pleasure

    • Bentham and Mill's utilitarianism consider pleasure to be the ultimate good.
    • Criteria for assessing pleasure: intensity, duration, certainty, remoteness, fecundity, and purity.
    • The simpleton problem - people with refined taste are more difficult to satisfy than those with simple taste.

    Higher and Lower Pleasures

    • Mill believed that some pleasures are higher than others.
    • Higher pleasures are tied to the elevated human faculties.

    Judges

    • Judges who have experienced various feelings prefer one type of pleasure over another.

    Utilitarianism

    • Mill argues that the human species has had ample time to learn the relationship of actions and consequences relating to happiness..

    Categorical Imperative

    • Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.
    • A maxim that fails the categorical imperative test is a maxim that does not derive from pure moral principle.
    • Hypothetical imperatives.

    The Value of Debating False Claims

    • Correct opinions are essential to understand and reject false and received opinions.
    • Understanding why a belief is justified is essential to moral thought.

    Being and Nothingness

    • Sartre's philosophy explores freedom, responsibility, and the human condition.
    • Being precedes essence and individuals create their own essence through actions and choices.
    • Bad faith is a denial of one’s freedom and responsibility.

    Moral Virtues

    • Self-regarding virtue: makes it possible for all other virtues to exist.
    • No justice in the state of nature: people act in self-interest and violence prevails.
    • Desire for peace is motivated by the fear of violent death.

    The Civil Magistrate

    • The civil magistrate has the power to promote prosperity and discourage vice.
    • The power is used to prevent injustice and promote the common good through establishing a good moral order.

    Social Justice

    • Social justice involves the fair balance of factors among people in society.

    Natural Rights

    • Natural rights are based on reason and are not dependent on positive law.
    • Bentham argues that natural rights are a mistake and are rhetorical nonsense.
    • Locke and Founding Fathers believe in natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

    Positive Rights

    • Positive rights are rights that require action from the state, like employment, social security, and healthcare.
    • These rights are contrasted with negative rights, which involve non-interference by the state.
    • Positive rights can be criticized for the expense of providing them and who bears responsibility for the cost..

    The Harm Principle

    • A citizen's liberty should be limited only to prevent harm to others.
    • Actions that do not cause harm to others should not be regulated.
    • Censorship is a form of coercion that limits freedom of thought and action.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Ethics Final Study Guide PDF

    More Like This

    Untitled Quiz
    37 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
    WellReceivedSquirrel7948
    Untitled Quiz
    55 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StatuesquePrimrose avatar
    StatuesquePrimrose
    Untitled Quiz
    18 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    RighteousIguana avatar
    RighteousIguana
    Untitled Quiz
    50 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    JoyousSulfur avatar
    JoyousSulfur
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser