Jet Airliner Aerodynamics

Jet Airliners and Swept Wings

• Swept wings on jet airliners like the 737 or A320 are primarily designed to reduce drag at their design cruise Mach number.

Airbrakes Effectiveness

• Airbrakes are most effective immediately after touchdown on the runway.

Slotted Flaps

• Slotted flaps on modern airliners serve to re-energize the upper surface airflow, preventing flow separation at high angles of attack.

Dutch Roll Prevention

• Dutch roll, a combination of yawing and rolling oscillations, effectively prevents in modern airliners by fitting full-time yaw dampers.

Exceeding Mmo

• If an airliner exceeds its Mmo, it must be slowed immediately, as any speed above this limit can overstress the airframe.

Takeoff Performance Speeds

• During takeoff performance calculations, it's essential that Vmcg (minimum control speed on the ground) is less than or equal to V1 (the takeoff decision speed).

Crosswind Takeoff Tendency

• On the runway during takeoff with a strong crosswind from the right, a swept-wing jet airliner will tend to yaw (weather vane) into the right.

Engine Failure After Takeoff

• Immediately after takeoff in a swept-wing airliner like the 737, if the left engine fails, the aircraft will tend to yaw left and roll left.

Stopping Drift on Slippery Runways

• After landing in rain on a runway designated 'Slippery when wet', if your aircraft begins to diverge from the runway centerline, use full opposite rudder to control the drift.

Effective Retardation Device

• After landing on a dry runway, the most effective retardation device is the antiskid brakes.

Turbofan Engine Thrust Time

• To accelerate from idle to full thrust, a typical turbofan engine takes about 8 seconds.

Bleed Air for Anti-Icing

• Using high-pressure bleed air from the compressor for anti-icing will increase fuel consumption

Engine Icing Conditions

• Engine icing is most likely to occur at any time when the outside air temperature is 1 degree Celsius or below.

Ice Contamination Effects

• Ice contamination on the wing's upper and lower surfaces may result in a reduction of stall margins and potential poor lateral control during takeoff.

Windshear Symptoms

• The symptoms of windshear may include a significant change of airspeed, divergence from the required flight path, and the inability to maintain the flight path with normal control inputs

Cumulonimbus Cloud Encounters

• When an aircraft flies through the base of an active cumulonimbus cloud, pilots should anticipate experiencing an updraft followed by a downdraft, and then another updraft.

Dense Fog Dissipation

• In calm winter conditions in Northwest Europe, dense fog is most effectively cleared by an increase in wind speed

Rapid Cabin Depressurization

• When flying at 33,000 feet, if the aircraft cabin rapidly depressurizes, you can expect about 25 seconds of useful consciousness.

Upslope Runway Illusion

• Making a visual landing on a runway with a 1-degree upslope, you may experience a the pilot might think they are higher than they actually

Turbulence Procedures

• In cruise at high altitude, flying into an area of known turbulence requires securing the cabin and cockpit, selecting turbulence speed, and maintaining a constant attitude.

Jet Airliner Descent Distance

• A jet airliner descending clean from FL370 to FL70 in still air will travel approximately 100 nm / 176 km.

TCAS Resolution Advisory Response

• When receiving a TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) during a descent under radar control, maneuver following the RA guidance and advise ATC.

Final Descent Preparations

• Before starting the final descent on an NDB approach, monitor the beacon identification and descend when on the runway heading

GPWS Activation

• At 1700 feet on an ILS approach, if the GPWS sounds 'Whoop, whoop, pull up, pull up', immediately go around following the standard missed approach procedure, inform ATC.

Runway Centerline Lighting

• The centerline lights change from red/white to red 300m from the stop end of the runway.

Taxiway Lighting

• Taxiway lighting consists of green centerline lights with blue edge lighting

Fuel Reserves Decision

• While in a holding pattern waiting to land you notice that the total fuel in tanks has fallen below company minimum reserves, declare an emergency and request assistance from ATC

Loss of Situational Awareness

• In the air, a loss of situational awareness is most likely to arise if the non-handling pilot fails to use airways charts to check the aircraft's position

Glidepath Deviations

• Verbally warn the handling pilot, monitor the response and look for a correction, to the pilot, when at 900 feet on a manually flown ILS approach you notice the handling pilot has let the aircraft drop below the glidepath.

Emergency Duties

• When dealing with a complex emergency the first officer should discuss with the captain any orders that are unclear or confusing

Stalling Aeroplanes

• An aeroplane will stall at the same angle of attack regardless of the attitude with relation to the horizon.

Stall Recovery Difficulty

• Recovering from a stall in any airplane becomes more difficult when it's centre of gravity moves aft.

Flap Functions

• One of the main functions of flaps during approach and landings is to provide the same amount of lift at a slower airspeed.

Flap Usage During Turns

• Raising flaps will require added forward pressure on the yoke or stick is true regarding the use of flaps during level turns.

Turbulence

• Turbulence which causes a decrease in stall speed requires the need to bring the aircraft below VA regarding weather phenomena.

Factors Affecting Stall Speed

• Stall speed is affected by weight, load factor, and power.

Load Factor

• In a rapid recover from a dive, the effects of load factor would cause the stall speed to increase.

Mixture Control

• In altitude with no mixture adjustment, descents from altitude with no mixture adjustment.

Fuel Air Mixtrures

• The density of air entering the carburettor decreases and the amount of fuel remains constant if no leaning is made with the mixture control as the flight altitude increases??

Runway Slope

• Increases takeoff distance, is affected by the uphill of the runway

Engine stress

• Decreased reduce the RPM before reducing the manifold pressure, should be followed

Turbulent Air Currents

• Windward side when flying into the wind will likely occur.

Thunderstorms

• Outside the cloud, shear turbulence can be encountered 20 miles laterally from a severe storm

Missed Approach

• Implement the missed approach procedure should be action taken with missed approach

Altitimeter

• 29.92" Hg and the altimeter indication noted should be the response.

Fuel Air Ratio

• The cylinder head temperatures are the coolest and the best power mixture is that fuel mixture.

RVSM FL

• FL 300 for those flying

Buffet

• The minimum generally acceptable buffet margin in cruise is 1.3 g

Payload

• Passenger's cargo mail all count as payload

Optimum Cruise Altitude

• The specific range corresponds to 95% of the maximum specific range in the following.

One Engine

• One hour at the one-engine inoperative cruising speed to follow

Thunderstorms

• Embedded thunderstorms threat those

Type of Clouds

• Type standing lenticular indicates strong turbulence

Autopilot

• 200 ft, 1800 ft/550m is to be the ILS

Low Speed Flight

• Directs airflow to high lift device is meant for the landing

Bank Angle and Speed

• Angle means both the banking and airspeed

Fuel Consumption

• An aft C. G. position is the location of the best fuel consumption can be gained

The pressurization

• The pressurization makes it to where the pressure is no more then the altitude.

Speed of Climb

• Vc, the best speed to climb

Windflow

• Answer is A, to clarify, it means, counter clockwise and converted

Radials Distance

• Magnetic and nautical are both in the answer.

The Answer is Stage

Both stage and turbulence can be considered.

Circle to Land

Answer b. and d. are the right response.

Runaway

• The accelerate-stop distance is the runway.

Initial Climb

This occurs during the climb according to previous advisors.

Fuel Flap

• They take effect during takeoff

The Takeoff

• The second is the segment in the section

High Altitude

• Follow on the high

Altitude Flaps

To lower control force, speed and drag.

Runway

High C.G. position also has to be factored in.

C.G. in MAC

15.05% in general factors

Source

C.G. position in the right direction has to take into.

Load

A lot of amps are involved.

Circuit

Is correct and in the right direction.

Stabilizer

A mechanical device used to break circuits which can lead to instability.

Position

The position needs to be taken into consideration.

Turbofans

Has much more power and velocity.

Turbines

Turbines may need to be cleaned due to contamination.

Pressure

Pressure can increase the system.

Propellers

Propeller should be tested and verified.

Direction

Direction is also known as an index.

Alternate Systems

Alternate systems are set from the power of the systems.

Battery Backups

There is a backup in place.

MLTOW

• 13.33% also has to be factored in, it also takes into consideration systems as well.

In Flights

In has a lot to do with the flights

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Explore the aerodynamic features of jet airliners. Topics covered include swept wings for drag reduction, airbrake effectiveness, slotted flaps for airflow control, Dutch roll prevention via yaw dampers, and managing overspeed scenarios. Additionally, the discussion includes speeds for optimized take-off performance and crosswind management.