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Questions and Answers
Which layer of the epidermis is considered the deepest and is firmly attached to the dermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is considered the deepest and is firmly attached to the dermis?
What type of cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing the pigment melanin?
What type of cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing the pigment melanin?
What is the primary function of Langerhans' cells in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of Langerhans' cells in the epidermis?
Which type of melanin is responsible for reddish color in the skin?
Which type of melanin is responsible for reddish color in the skin?
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What are the outer layers of the epidermis composed of, since they are entirely exposed to the external environment?
What are the outer layers of the epidermis composed of, since they are entirely exposed to the external environment?
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What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the skin?
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the skin?
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Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing melanin in the skin?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing melanin in the skin?
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Which layer of the skin is characterized by the presence of pacinian corpuscles?
Which layer of the skin is characterized by the presence of pacinian corpuscles?
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What is the primary composition of sweat produced by sudoriferous glands?
What is the primary composition of sweat produced by sudoriferous glands?
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Which layer of the epidermis consists of cells filled with keratohyaline and lamellated granules?
Which layer of the epidermis consists of cells filled with keratohyaline and lamellated granules?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Functions
- Protection: physical, chemical, and biological barriers
- Body temperature regulation: sweating
- Sensations: encapsulated nerve endings
- Metabolic functions
- Excretion
Skin (Integument) Regions
- Epidermis: superficial layer, completely dead outer layers, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, consists of 4-5 cell types
- Keratinocytes: produce keratin protein for waterproofing
- Dermis: middle layer
- Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer: deepest layer, not technically part of skin, adipose tissue
Epidermis Cells
- Keratinocytes: produce keratin, the protein that waterproofs skin cells
- Melanocytes: produce melanin, a pigment that absorbs UV light
- Langerhans' cells: immune cells, epidermal macrophages
- Merkel cells: touch receptors, associated with sensory nerve endings
Epidermis Layers
- Stratum basale (basal layer): deepest layer, actively dividing cells
- Stratum spinosum (prickly layer): contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans' cells
- Stratum granulosum (granular layer): 3-5 cell layers, keratinocytes change and accumulate keratohyaline and lamellated granules
- Stratum lucidum (clear layer): only in thick skin, transparent band of flat, dead keratinocytes
- Stratum corneum (horny layer): many layers of dead, keratin-filled cells, accounts for most of epidermis' thickness, provides waterproofing and protection
Dermis Layers
- Papillary layer: thin layer above, made of areolar tissue, contains dermal papillae with capillaries
- Reticular layer: thick layer below, made of dense irregular connective tissue, elastin fibers with recoil properties, contains Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles
Skin Textures
- Thin skin and thick skin.
- Thin skin: found everywhere except palms and soles of feet
- Thick skin: found on palms and soles of feet
Glands
- Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
- Apocrine sweat glands: produce odorous secretions, active during puberty
- Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands, produce sweat, sensible perspiration
- Sebaceous glands: produce sebum, an oily substance that keeps skin soft
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
- Adipose and areolar connective tissue.
- Functions: absorbs shock, insulation, energy storage.
- Site for injections.
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