Social Revolution & Rock n' Roll: 1964-1969
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Questions and Answers

Who emerged as a band leader while being a member of the Miles Davis group?

  • Paul McCartney
  • George Benson
  • Bob Dylan
  • John Coltrane (correct)

What year was the 8-track tape invented?

  • 1966
  • 1962
  • 1964 (correct)
  • 1968

Which album is considered John Coltrane's masterpiece?

  • Giant Steps
  • Blue Train
  • Kind of Blue
  • A Love Supreme (correct)

How many parts does Coltrane's through-composed composition consist of?

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did playback systems for 8-track tapes become available in Ford cars?

<p>1965 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the foot-operated filter for guitars/keyboards?

<p>To produce a 'wah-wah' sound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the foot-operated filter, known for its 'wah-wah' sound, originally released?

<p>1967 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which production method was applied to 'Let It Be' that distinguished it from other Beatles albums?

<p>Over-production by Phil Spector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company purchased the foot-operated filter in 1982?

<p>Dunlop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the notable difference between the LA-3A and its predecessor, the LA-2A?

<p>It is a solid state version (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artist is known as 'The King of Soul'?

<p>Sam Cooke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What song by Sam Cooke is considered a civil rights anthem from the 1960s?

<p>A Change Is Gonna Come (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was Dolby C introduced, and what was its significance?

<p>1980, reduced tape hiss effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which album marked Bob Dylan's transition to electric rock?

<p>Highway 61 Revisited (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument, invented by Leon Theremin, produces sound without direct contact?

<p>The Theremin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the composer and producer of the famous 1966 album 'Pet Sounds'?

<p>Brian Wilson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event did Bob Dylan perform at in 1965 that showcased his electric sound?

<p>Newport Folk Festival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was notable about the Abbey Road Studios during the early 1960s?

<p>No musicians were allowed in the control room (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social movement is NOT mentioned as part of the political and social changes of the 1960s?

<p>Civil Rights Movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology did the Studer J37 introduce to the music recording process?

<p>Multi-track recording with 1-inch tape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant event that occurred in 1968 affecting social movements?

<p>RFK Assassination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Al Schmitt is best known for his work in which area?

<p>Music Production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was not one of the bands included in the British Invasion?

<p>The Beach Boys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main function of Dolby Noise Reduction technology?

<p>To reduce tape hiss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attack time range of the Field Effect Transistor (FET)?

<p>20-800 microseconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following musicians did Al Schmitt NOT work with?

<p>Beyoncé (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genre is most associated with Bob Dylan's early work?

<p>Folk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did 'Good Vibrations' stand out among recordings of the 1960s?

<p>It was produced by four different studios (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable artist did NOT record at Trident Studios?

<p>Jimi Hendrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which synthesizer was popularized by Wendy Carlos?

<p>Moog Modular Synthesizer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation did the Dolby company later introduce after the Dolby Noise Reduction technologies?

<p>Surround sound and Atmos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was 'Ain't That Good News' released?

<p>1964 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the instrumentation of The Beach Boys' 'Pet Sounds'?

<p>Classical instrumentation and jazz harmony (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the first 24-track tape machine released?

<p>1968 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the producer and engineer known for working at Abbey Road and Trident Studios?

<p>Ken Scott (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What iconic concert took place in August 1969 and had over 400,000 attendees?

<p>Woodstock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is known as the most popular guitar effect pedal of all time?

<p>Wah Wah Pedal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was 'Switched on Bach' by Wendy Carlos released?

<p>1968 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments was NOT a cable-connected module in the Moog Modular Synthesizer?

<p>Drum machine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the MCI JH-24?

<p>It was the first 24-track tape machine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovative audio production technique was invented by Geoff Emmerick to address The Beatles' requests?

<p>Tape loops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mics is noted for having a fixed cardioid pickup pattern?

<p>Neumann KM84 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artist is recognized as the ‘Queen of Soul’?

<p>Aretha Franklin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Beatles' mono mixes prior to 'Yellow Submarine'?

<p>More focused sound balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which album was Jimi Hendrix's debut released in 1967?

<p>Are You Experienced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which production aspect is NOT attributed to George Martin?

<p>Inventing audio production techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurred in 1967 that changed music production?

<p>Release of the Ampex MM-1000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is NOT typically associated with the Beatles' innovations?

<p>Glockenspiel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genre does the 'Summer of Love' most closely relate to?

<p>Hippie counterculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation is the UREI 1176 known for?

<p>FET compression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artist's album includes the song 'Respect'?

<p>Aretha Franklin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did The Beatles generally perceive stereo mixes?

<p>As not very relevant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the use of various track layering techniques in recording?

<p>Track bouncing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

A Love Supreme Release Year

The album "A Love Supreme" by John Coltrane was released in 1964.

8-Track Tapes Invention

8-track tapes were invented in 1964 and provided portable music on demand.

"A Love Supreme" Recording Locations

"A Love Supreme" was recorded at Van Gelder Studios in a single day.

Features of "Love Supreme"

"A Love Supreme" featured Jimmy Garrison (bass), Elvin Jones (drums), and McCoy Tyner (piano).

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"A Love Supreme"'s Composition

"A Love Supreme" is a through-composed 4-part composition.

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JFK Assassination

The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963

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MLK Assassination

The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a key figure in the Civil Rights Movement, in 1968.

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Bob Dylan’s 'Highway 61 Revisited'

Bob Dylan's 1965 album, significant for its electric rock sound, and lyrics on social and political topics.

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Civil Rights Movement

A social movement in the United States, primarily during the 1950s and 1960s, aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

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"Like a Rolling Stone" (song)

A 1965 hit song by Bob Dylan, known for its innovative lyrics and musical style.

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Social Revolution

The social and political changes of the 1960s, including the environmental movement.

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Bob Dylan

A very important musician and lyricist of the 20th century.

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Sam Cooke

A Soul singer, important for his crossover star roles, and civil rights anthems, murdered at the age of 33.

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Al Schmitt

Award-winning sound engineer and producer who worked with many famous artists, including Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, and Frank Sinatra.

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Counter Culture Movement

Social and cultural change, including the rise of folk music, emphasizing individualism and rejection of mainstream social norms.

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Dolby Noise Reduction Technology

A technology that reduces unwanted tape hiss in audio recordings.

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Dolby B

A consumer audio technology for reducing tape hiss, invented in 1968.

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The Theremin

A musical instrument played without touching, creating electromagnetic fields to control pitch and amplitude

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The British Invasion

A period of the import of British music to America.

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Studer J37

A highly-regarded 1-inch multi-track recording device.

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Abbey Road Studios

Famous London recording studio, known for its work with The Beatles.

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The Beatles - "Sgt. Pepper"

A Beatles album, known for sophisticated instrumentation and arrangements.

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Compact Cassette Tapes

Dominated the 1980's audio market.

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The Beach Boys - "Pet Sounds"

A highly celebrated 1960s album by The Beach Boys.

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Dolby SR

25 dB noise reduction, a later model.

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What is a Wah-Wah Pedal?

A foot-operated filter pedal used with guitars and sometimes keyboards to produce a distinctive "wah-wah" sound.

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When was the Wah-Wah Pedal Released?

The Wah-Wah Pedal was released in 1967 by the Thomas Organ Company.

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Let It Be Album Release

The Beatles' 'Let It Be' album was released in May 1970, just a month after the band broke up.

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LA- 3A Compressor

The LA-3A compressor is a solid-state version of the LA-2A, released in 1969.

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LA-3A Technology

The LA-3A combines the optical cell of the LA-2A with the transistor circuitry of the 1176.

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MCI JH-24

A legendary analog compressor, famous for its fast attack times and warm sound, initially released in 1968. It used solid-state transistors instead of vacuum tubes, offering a faster response compared to earlier compressors.

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FET Compressor

A type of compressor using a Field Effect Transistor, known for its extremely fast attack times, often found in devices like the MCI JH-24.

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Ampex 300

A popular professional audio tape recorder in the 1960s, modified and used as the basis for the first 24-track tape machines.

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24-Track Tape Machine

A recording device that allows for simultaneous recording of 24 individual audio tracks, dramatically expanding the possibilities of sound layering in music production.

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Moog Modular Synthesizer

A revolutionary synthesizer that allowed musicians to create complex, innovative sounds using individual modules for different functions, popularized by Wendy Carlos.

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Robert Moog

The inventor of the Moog synthesizer, a key figure in the development of electronic music technology.

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Wendy Carlos

A pioneering electronic music composer who popularized the Moog synthesizer by recording the influential album 'Switched on Bach'.

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Minimoog

A more affordable and portable version of the Moog modular synthesizer, released in 1970, which brought the power of electronic music to a wider audience.

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Trident Studios

A renowned recording studio in London, opened in 1968, known for its state-of-the-art equipment and the artists it hosted, including Queen, David Bowie, and Elton John.

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Ken Scott

A celebrated producer and engineer who has worked with some of the biggest names in music, including The Beatles, Elton John, and David Bowie.

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Sgt. Pepper's Release

Released in June 1967, "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" marked a significant shift in music, incorporating studio experimentation, psychedelic elements, and a concept album approach.

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Sgt. Pepper's Innovations

The album featured innovative studio techniques like using the studio as an instrument, incorporating new sounds and instruments, and exploring a new lyrical approach.

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Geoff Emerick

A key producer for The Beatles, Emerick was known for his contributions to albums like "Revolver", "Sgt. Pepper's", and "Abbey Road". He encouraged sonic experimentation and invented new audio production techniques.

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George Martin

The Beatles' producer, Martin was classically trained and brought a unique blend of musicality and technical expertise to their recordings.

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Beatles' Sonic Innovations

The Beatles' music was groundbreaking due to experimental microphone techniques, intentional use of distortion and feedback, and innovative effects like reverse tape and tape loops.

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Beatles' Instrumentation Innovations

They incorporated a wide range of instruments including the Mellotron, Fender Rhodes, Moog synth, world instrumentation, and classical instrumentation.

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Beatles' Structural Innovations

The Beatles expanded song structure, explored innovative lyrical approaches, and popularized concept albums.

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Beatles Mono Mix

The Beatles' early music, before "Yellow Submarine", is best enjoyed in mono, as stereo mixes were considered an afterthought.

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Neumann KM84

A pioneering microphone, the KM84 was the first to use phantom power (48V). It's known for its flat frequency response and small diaphragm design.

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Neumann U87

An improvement on the U67, the U87 was introduced in 1967. It's highly versatile, with multiple pickup patterns and features.

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Aretha Franklin

Known as the "Queen of Soul", Aretha Franklin was a groundbreaking R&B singer from Detroit. Her album "I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You" featured the iconic song "Respect".

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Jimi Hendrix

Hendrix's debut album, "Are You Experienced?" showcased his unique guitar style and technical mastery. His use of the Fender Strat and Marshall Amp pushed the boundaries of what was possible with electric guitar.

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Summer of Love

The summer of 1967, known as the "Summer of Love", marked a peak in the hippie movement. It attracted thousands of young people to San Francisco.

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Ampex MM-1000

This 16-track tape machine, released in 1967, revolutionized multi-track recording by becoming the standard throughout the 70s.

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UREI 1176

Designed by Bill Putnam Sr., the UREI 1176 is a classic audio compressor, known for its distinct sound and ability to add 'punch' to recordings.

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Study Notes

Political and Social Change of the 1960s

  • JFK Assassination (1963)
  • Malcolm X Assassination (1965)
  • MLK Assassination (1968)
  • RFK Assassination (1968)
  • Environmental Movement
  • Sexual Revolution
  • Counter Culture Movement
  • Second Wave Feminism
  • The Cold War (1945-1990)
  • Vietnam War (1963-1973)
  • The Space Race

Bob Dylan

  • Born Robert Allen Zimmerman
  • Leading figure in the folk movement of the early/mid-60s
  • Lyrics-first genre with political and social themes

Sam Cooke

  • "The King of Soul"
  • Crossover star
  • "Ain't That Good News" released 1964

Al Schmitt

  • Producer (1930-2021)
  • Won 20+ Grammy awards
  • Mentioned by Tom Dowd
  • RCA Studios (LA)
  • Capitol Records (LA)
  • Master of mic selection & placement
  • Used an EQ when recording
  • GOAT engineer
  • Worked with Ray Charles and Sam Cooke

John Coltrane - "A Love Supreme"

  • Released 1964
  • Impulse Records

8-Track Tapes

  • Invented in 1964
  • Playback systems available in Ford cars in 1965
  • 4 stereo tracks (programs) per tape
  • Portable music on demand
  • Declined in popularity in the 80s
  • Compact cassette tapes dominated the 80's market

Dolby Noise Reduction

  • 1965 - Dolby A (for studio use)
  • Up to 15dB reduction
  • 1968 - Dolby B

The Beach Boys - "Pet Sounds"

  • Released in 1966
  • "Good Vibrations" is the most celebrated recording of the 1960s
  • Showcases Brian Wilson as composer
  • Sophisticated instrumentation and jazz harmony.
  • Recorded at various studios (Gold Star & Columbia LA)
  • Initially received mixed reviews, but later hailed as a masterpiece.

The Theremin

  • Invented by Leon Theremin in 1919
  • Russian physicist
  • Played without touching; electromagnetic fields
  • Monophonic (one note at a time)

The British Invasion

  • Importation of British music into the US.
  • The Beatles
  • The Rolling Stones
  • The Yardbirds/Led Zeppelin
  • The Who
  • The Kinks
  • Cream

Studer J37

  • Released 1964
  • First Studer multi-track recorder
  • Uses 1-inch tape
  • Abbey Road Studios bought four J37s in 1965

Abbey Road Studios

  • Located in London
  • Formerly EMI Studios
  • Sunken live room
  • Geoff Emmerick, Ken Scott - staff engineers
  • No musicians allowed in the control room

The Beatles - "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"

  • Released June 1967
  • Made use of Studer J37, Mellotron, Orchestral Sound
  • Experiments reflected in Sgt Peppers

Geoff Emmerick

  • Producer (1945-2018)
  • Beatles' producer, Revolver, Sgt. Pepper, Abbey Road
  • Encouraged sonic experimentation
  • Invented new audio production techniques

George Martin

  • Producer (1926-2016)
  • Staff producer for EMI
  • Producer for the Beatles
  • Classically trained Composer & Arranger
  • Conducted music/vibes

Innovations of the Beatles

  • Experimental microphone techniques
  • Intentional distortion & use of feedback
  • Reverse tape effects
  • Extensive track bouncing
  • Tape loops
  • Non-musical sounds
  • Vocal effects
  • Half-speed recording
  • Mellotron, Fender Rhodes, Moog Synthesizer
  • World instrumentation
  • Classical instrumentations
  • Expanded/experimental song structure
  • Innovative/expanded lyrical approach
  • Concept Albums

The Beatles in Mono

  • All pre-Yellow Submarine albums best consumed in mono
  • Stereo mixes an afterthought
  • Assistant engineers were tasked with stereo mixes
  • Majority of people listen in mono
  • Mono mixes are superior
  • Mono mixes are now available on Spotify

Neumann KM84

  • First mic to use 48V phantom power
  • Small diaphragm condenser
  • Very flat frequency response
  • Fixed cardioid pattern
  • Engineered to be small

Neumann U87

  • Improvement on the U67 design
  • Introduced 48V (phantom power) in 1967
  • Extremely versatile and reliable microphone
  • Possible the most loved LDC of all time

Other Important Mics of the 60s

  • Coles 4038 (Instruments/drums)
  • AKG D12 (Dynamic Mic)
  • Neumann M49 (Condenser Mic)
  • Electro-Voice RE-20 (Dynamic Mic)

Aretha Franklin

  • (1942-2018), "Queen of Soul",
  • GOAT R&B singer, From Detroit, Son of CL Franklin

Jimi Hendrix - "Are You Experienced?"

  • Released 1967
  • Reprise Records (US)
  • Fender Strat + Marshall Amp
  • Jimi changed what's possible technically on an electric guitar

The Summer of Love

  • Summer of 1967; Peak of the Hippie Era, "Summer of Love"
  • Over 100,000 youth in San Francisco; Haight-Ashbury
  • Bill Graham: important promoter and venue in San Francisco including Fillmore
  • The Grateful Dead, Sly and the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, Santana, Steve Miller Band, Big Brother & The Holding Company.
  • Country Joe and the Fish

Ampex MM-1000

  • Released 1967
  • First 16-track tape machine
  • Preceded by the AG 1000 (1966)
  • 2-inch tape

UREI 1176

  • Released 1967-68
  • Solid-state transistor-based compressor
  • Field Effect Transistor (FET)
  • 20-800 microseconds attack range
  • Reissued by Bill Putnam Jr. with Universal Audio in 2000

MCI JH-24

  • Released in 1968
  • First 24-track tape machine
  • Modified Ampex 300
  • 8, 16 and 24-track versions
  • 2-inch tape.
  • Remote control

Moog Modular Synthesizer

  • Robert Moog (rhymes with Vogue)
  • Moog demos his modular at AES in 1964

Wendy Carlos - "Switched on Bach"

  • Released 1968
  • Columbia Records (Album)
  • Featured variety of Bach pieces
  • Used Moog Modular synth
  • Sold over one million copies
  • Hugely influential

Trident Studios

  • Opened in 1968 in London
  • State of the art equipment
  • Notable artists: Queen, David Bowie, Elton John, Rolling Stones

Ken Scott

  • Engineer and producer
  • Worked at Abbey Road & Trident Studios
  • Worked with: The Beatles, Elton John, Pink Floyd, Jeff Beck, David Bowie, Supertramp, Duran Duran
  • Memoir called “Abbey Road to Ziggy Stardust”

Woodstock

  • August 1969
  • 400,000+ people attended
  • One of the largest concerts ever
  • Iconic moment for the counter-culture movement
  • Free concert, included Santana and The Grateful Dead

The Wah Wah Pedal

  • Most popular guitar effect pedal
  • Foot-operated filter for guitars/keyboards
  • Creates "wah-wah" sound
  • Popular in the late 60s and 70s

The Beatles' Breakup

  • "Let It Be" recorded primarily in 68/69; shelved
  • "Abbey Road" recorded and released in 1969
  • Band broke up in 1970
  • "Let It Be" (with Phil Spector production) released one month after breakup

LA-3A

  • Released 1969
  • Solid state version of the LA-2A
  • Uses optical cell of LA-2A
  • Fast attack, mid-forward sound

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