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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the synchronized keyword in Java?

  • To make a method accessible across different classes.
  • To allow multiple processes to share memory.
  • To enhance the performance of thread execution.
  • To ensure thread-safe access to shared resources. (correct)

    • How does the volatile keyword influence variable visibility in Java?

  • It ensures the variable is always stored in the heap memory.
  • It makes modifications visible to other threads immediately. (correct)
  • It optimizes the access speed of the variable.
  • It locks the variable for exclusive access by one thread.

    • What is a deadlock in the context of multithreading?

  • When a thread is terminated unexpectedly.
  • When two or more threads are waiting indefinitely for each other. (correct)
  • When a thread is paused for resource allocation.
  • When threads run simultaneously without any issues.

    • What is an advantage of using Concurrent Collections in Java?

    <p>They reduce the need for manual synchronization and improve performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ExecutorService in Java?

    <p>To manage a pool of worker threads and tasks efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key enhancements introduced in Java SE 11 regarding modularity?

    <p>Enhanced Java Platform Module System (JPMS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a feature of exception handling in Java?

    <p>The throw keyword is used to manually trigger exceptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines polymorphism in Java?

    <p>The ability of different classes to implement the same method in different ways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do interfaces play in object-oriented design in Java?

    <p>They define contracts that implementing classes must follow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Java threads is accurate?

    <p>Threads allow for concurrent execution in Java applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes encapsulation in Java?

    <p>Bundling data and the methods that operate on that data in a single class (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a method declares a checked exception but does not handle it within a try-catch block?

    <p>Compilation will fail due to the unhandled exception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the redesigned java.util.stream API improve functional-style programming in Java SE 11?

    <p>It allows for more concise and expressive operations on datasets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Thread Synchronization

    Ensuring threads don't interfere with each other when using shared resources.

    Race Condition

    An unexpected issue when multiple threads try to alter the same resource concurrently.

    Locks and Synchronization Blocks

    Prevent multiple threads from accessing shared data at the same time.

    Concurrent Collections

    Data structures built for safe concurrent access by multiple threads.

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    Thread Pools

    Groups of ready-to-go threads waiting for tasks.

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    Java SE 11 Module System

    A system in Java that allows for modularity, better controlling dependencies between application parts.

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    Stream API (Java)

    A streamlined way to process collections of items in Java using functional-style coding.

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    Exception Handling (try-catch)

    A method of handling errors in Java code using try-catch blocks.

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    Checked Exception

    An exception that must be declared in a method's signature.

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    Encapsulation

    Bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a class in object-oriented programming.

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    Inheritance

    Creating new classes (child) from existing classes (parent), inheriting attributes and methods.

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    Polymorphism

    Different objects responding to the same method call in their own way, overriding parent methods with child implementations in OOP.

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    Concurrency (Java)

    The ability of a program to run multiple tasks at the same time.

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    Study Notes

    Java SE 11 Features

    • Java SE 11 introduced significant improvements and updates, focusing on performance, security, and interoperability.
    • Key features include enhanced modularity via the Java Platform Module System (JPMS) which allows for more controlled dependencies between parts of the application.
    • A redesigned java.util.stream API for functional-style programming offers a streamlined method for processing collections.
    • Improved security features like enhanced default system security properties, and improved handling of non-trusted input.
    • A redesigned I/O API for increased performance and efficiency.

    Error Handling

    • Exception handling is a fundamental part of robust Java programming.
    • try-catch-finally blocks are used to manage exceptions.
    • A try block encloses code that might throw an exception.
    • A catch block handles specific exception types.
    • The finally block, optional, ensures code execution, regardless of whether an exception occurred or not (e.g., closing resources).
    • Checked exceptions must be declared in the method signature; unchecked exceptions (runtime exceptions) do not need to be declared.
    • Custom exceptions can be created to handle specific error scenarios.
    • The throws keyword is used to declare the checked exceptions that a method may throw.

    Object-Oriented Design

    • Java is an object-oriented programming language, supporting key concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
    • Encapsulation: Bundling data (attributes) and methods (behavior) that operate on the data within a class.
    • Inheritance: Creating new classes (child classes) based on existing classes (parent classes), inheriting attributes and methods. This promotes code reusability.
    • Polymorphism: The ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same method call in their own specific way, overriding parent methods with child implementations.
    • Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and showing only essential information. Interfaces define contracts.
    • Constructors are used to initialize objects.
    • Access modifiers (public, private, protected, default) control the accessibility of class members, enforcing encapsulation.
    • The this keyword refers to the current object.

    Concurrency in Java

    • Java provides robust support for concurrent programming.
    • Threads: Separate flows of execution—allowing different parts of the application to run concurrently.
    • Threads vs. Processes: Threads reside within a single process and share resources, making concurrent execution more efficient than separate processes.
    • Synchronization: Crucial for preventing race conditions (where multiple threads access and modify shared resources concurrently, leading to unexpected results or data corruption).
    • Locks and Synchronization Blocks: Prevent race conditions on shared data.
    • synchronized keyword: Used to make a method or block of code thread-safe.
    • volatile keyword: Ensures that any modifications to a variable made by one thread are immediately visible to other threads.
    • Concurrent Collections: Specialized data structures (e.g., ConcurrentHashMap) designed for concurrent access and modification, reducing the need for manual synchronization.
    • ExecutorService: A framework for managing a pool of worker threads and efficiently executing tasks.
    • Lamda Expressions: Provide concise and expressive ways to define the behavior of the threads.
    • Thread Pools: Groups of threads waiting and ready for tasks to execute, which makes resource management more efficient.
    • Deadlocks: A situation where two or more threads are blocked indefinitely, waiting for each other to release resources.

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    Description

    Explore the key improvements introduced in Java SE 11, including enhanced modularity, redesigned APIs, and advanced security features. Dive into robust error handling techniques that ensure your Java applications can gracefully manage exceptions through structured try-catch-finally blocks.

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