Java Abstract Methods and Arrays

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following identifiers is a constant according to Java naming conventions?

  • maxValue
  • Test
  • ReadInt
  • COUNT (correct)

What will be the result of adding an int, a byte, a long, and a double?

  • long
  • int
  • byte
  • double (correct)

What is the outcome of the expression (double)5/2?

  • 3.0
  • 2.0
  • 2.5 (correct)
  • 2

What is the reason for the compile error in the provided switch statement?

<p>The switch value cannot be a floating-point number. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be printed when the following code runs? int x = 0; if (x < 4) { x = x + 1; } System.out.println("x is " + x);

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a valid output from the statement System.out.println((int)(Math.random() * 4))?

<p>0 (B), 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the code 'int x; double d = 1.5; switch (d)', what type is the variable used for the switch?

<p>double (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What result do you expect if you combine the statements 'int x = 0;' and 'if (x < 4) { x = x + 2; }'?

<p>x is 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the final value of the variable 'balance' after the provided code executes?

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the program output when executing the method xmethod with an integer parameter?

<p>The program displays 'int' followed by 5. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression correctly generates a random integer value of 0 or 1?

<p>(int)(Math.random() + 0.5) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a variable defined within a method in Java?

<p>a local variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In method definitions, where do arguments always appear?

<p>within parentheses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the output of System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(scores)) be given the array int[] scores = {1, 20, 30, 40, 50}?

<p>{1, 20, 30, 40, 50} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a compiler error when trying to invoke the xmethod?

<p>The compiler cannot distinguish which version of xmethod to invoke. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options correctly describes the function of a break statement within a loop?

<p>It exits the loop immediately, skipping any remaining iterations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modifier allows class members to be inaccessible to other classes in different packages but accessible to any subclasses?

<p>protected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about constructors is incorrect?

<p>A constructor may be static. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the output of the following code? java.util.ArrayList list = new java.util.ArrayList(); list.add("New York"); java.util.ArrayList list1 = (java.util.ArrayList)(list.clone()); list.add("Atlanta"); list1.add("Dallas"); System.out.println(list1);

<p>[New York, Dallas] (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If A is an interface and B is a concrete class implementing A, which of the following is a valid way to instantiate A?

<p>A a = new B(); (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Java, what does a constructor do?

<p>It creates an instance of the class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes a valid constructor capability?

<p>A constructor can invoke a static method like any other method. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a constructor does not invoke an overloaded or superclass constructor?

<p>It defaults to invoking the superclass's no-arg constructor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about class members is true?

<p>Protected members can be accessed by subclasses outside their package. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about abstract classes is true?

<p>A class with abstract methods must itself be declared abstract. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the dimensions of the array defined as double[][] x = new double[4][5];?

<p>x.length is 4 and x[0].length is 5. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen when the following code is executed? public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[][] values = {{3, 4, 5, 1}, {33, 6, 1, 2}}; for (int row = 0; row < values.length; row++) { java.util.Arrays.sort(values[row]); for (int column = 0; column < values[row].length; column++) System.out.print(values[row][column] + " "); System.out.println(); } }}

<p>The program prints two sorted rows: 1 3 4 5 and 1 2 6 33. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the array declaration int[][] a = new int[3][2];, what is the index of the first element?

<p>a[0][0] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding abstract methods is correct?

<p>An abstract method cannot exist in a non-abstract class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential output of the program if the following statement is modified? System.out.println(values[row][column] + " ");

<p>The program will output the original array without any sorting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the array double[][] b = new double[5][4];, what are the lengths of b and b[0]?

<p>5 and 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false about abstract classes?

<p>Abstract classes can be instantiated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syntax correctly creates an array of five empty Strings?

<p>String[] a = {&quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;}; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do Program I and Program II produce the same output?

<p>Yes, both reverse the array in the same manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about array initialization is true?

<p>char[] c = new char[]{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'}; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of the following code snippet? 'System.out.println("n is " + n);'

<p>The code prints n is 2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct way to create an array of integers with the values 3, 4, 3, and 2.

<p>int[] i = {3, 4, 3, 2}; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if 'char[] c = new char;' is executed?

<p>It throws a compilation error. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many elements are in the array initialized as 'int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};'?

<p>5 elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Program I and Program II regarding their array handling?

<p>They have different variable names for the arrays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Abstract Methods

  • A class that contains abstract methods must be abstract
  • An abstract class can have no abstract methods
  • An abstract method cannot be contained in a non-abstract class
  • Abstract classes can have constructors
  • Data fields cannot be declared abstract, only methods and classes can be declared abstract

Array Declarations

  • double[][] x = new double[4][5] uses two dimensions, x.length returns 4 and x[0].length returns 5

Array Sorting

  • java.util.Arrays.sort(values[row]) sorts the elements of each row in the array values

Array Indexing

  • The index variable for the element at the first row and first column in array a is a[0][0]

Doubles

  • (double)5/2 will result in a value of 2.5, the cast occurs before the division

Constants

  • Constants should be named following the Java naming convention using uppercase letters, separated by underscores
  • COUNT and MAX_VALUE are valid constant names based on the convention

Random Number Generation

  • Math.random() generates a random double between 0 and 1 (exclusive 1)
  • The code below will produce a random int between 0 and 3 (inclusive):
    • (int)(Math.random() * 4)

Variables

  • Local variables are defined within a method
  • Arguments to methods are always defined within parentheses

Arrays with Arrays.toString

  • System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(scores)) prints the contents of an array of the form: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Array Creation

  • Arrays can be created using the curly brace notation: example: String[] a = {"", "", "", "", ""};

Method Overloading and Compile Errors

  • If multiple methods in a class share the same name but have different parameters (number or data types), the methods are overloaded
  • During compilation, Java can determine which method to call based on the arguments provided
  • If a method call does not match any overloaded method, there will be a compile-time error

Modifiers Access Levels

  • protected modifier for members of a class is accessible to subclasses in any package, but not to other classes in a different package

Constructors

  • Constructors cannot be defined as static
  • Constructors can be private, which means the class itself can create its own instances, but other classes cannot
  • Constructors can invoke static methods

ArrayList & Cloning

  • The clone() method creates a shallow copy of an ArrayList, meaning changes made to the original ArrayList will NOT be reflected in the copy

Inheriting from Interfaces

  • An interface is a blueprint that defines methods without implementations
  • A class that implements an interface must provide implementations of the interface methods
  • When creating instances of concrete classes that implement interfaces: A a = new B(), where A is the interface and B is the concrete class. This is valid because an instance of the concrete class is also an instance of the interface.

Example - Method Overloading and Compile Errors

  • If there are two overloaded xMethod implementations:
    • public static int xMethod(n, t)
    • public static long xMethod(n)
  • The code below would not compile because the compiler cannot determine which xMethod to call:
    • System.out.println(xmethod(5)); since 5 could be a long or an int.

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