25 Questions
What is the term used to describe the yellowish discoloration of the sclerae, mucosae, and internal organs?
Jaundice
Which of the following is responsible for the yellowish discoloration of the sclerae, mucosae, and internal organs?
Bilirubin
What is a characteristic feature of a cell undergoing apoptosis?
Shrinkage of the cell
What is the most common cause of jaundice?
Viral hepatitis
During which process is apoptosis a physiologic mechanism for cell removal?
Embryogenesis
What is the result of apoptosis during menstruation?
Breakdown of the uterine lining
Which of the following organs is NOT typically affected by jaundice?
Heart
What is the term used to describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver?
Hemolysis
When does apoptosis typically occur?
During embryogenesis and menstruation
What is the role of apoptosis in embryogenesis?
To remove unwanted cells
What is the initial response to injury that lasts for 3-5 seconds?
Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles
What is the result of progressive vasodilatation on local hydrostatic pressure?
Increase in hydrostatic pressure
What is the term for the movement of leukocytes through the gaps between endothelial cells into the extravascular space?
Emigration
What is the result of slowing stasis of microcirculation?
Increase in blood viscosity
What is the clinical appearance of the presence of exudates?
Swelling
What occurs within 24 hours in the inflammatory response?
Exudation of plasma, neutrophils, and some monocytes
What is the primary function of proteolytic enzymes in the inflammatory response?
To clear necrotic tissue and debris
During the clearance phase, what type of cells are responsible for phagocytic activity?
Macrophages
What is the result of the combined actions of proteolytic enzymes, autolytic enzymes, and macrophages in the clearance phase?
Clearance of necrotic tissue, debris, and red blood cells
What process occurs simultaneously with the exudation of plasma, neutrophils, and some monocytes?
Inflammatory response
What type of embolism is characterized by the presence of air bubbles in the circulation?
Gaseous embolism
What is an example of a solid embolism?
Bacterial clumps
What is the term used to describe an embolus that is a clot?
Thromboembolus
What is a possible cause of gaseous embolism?
Sudden shift from high to low pressure
Which of the following can be an embolus?
Tumor cells
Study Notes
Jaundice
- Excess accumulation of bilirubin causes yellowish discoloration of the sclerae, mucosae, and internal organs, known as jaundice.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a physiologic process of cell removal during embryogenesis, menstruation, etc., characterized by cell shrinkage.
Hemodynamic Changes
- Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles lasts for 3-5 seconds, while severe injury can cause vasoconstriction for up to 5 minutes.
- Persistant progressive vasodilatation involves mainly arterioles, but also venules and capillaries, leading to increased local hydrostatic pressure and transudation of fluid into the extracellular space.
- Swelling occurs at the local site due to progressive vasodilatation.
- Slowing stasis of microcirculation causes increased blood cell concentration, raising blood viscosity.
- Leukocyte migration, mainly neutrophils, occurs along the vascular endothelium, with emigration into the extravascular space.
Inflammatory Response
- Acute inflammatory response occurs with exudation of plasma, neutrophils, and some monocytes within 24 hours.
- Combination of proteolytic enzymes, autolytic enzymes, and phagocytic activity of macrophages clears necrotic tissue, debris, and red blood cells.
Embolus
- Types of emboli include: • Thromboembolus • Platelets aggregates • Fragment of a tumor • Fat globules • Bubbles of air • Amniotic fluid • Infected foreign material
- Solid embolism: clot, tumor cells, bacterial clumps, or parasites
- Gaseous embolism: air bubbles in circulation due to opening of a large vein or sudden shift from high to low pressure.
This quiz explores the causes and symptoms of jaundice, a yellowish discoloration of the sclerae, mucosae, and internal organs due to excess bilirubin accumulation.
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