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Questions and Answers

Under FOB shipping point terms, who is responsible for freight charges?

  • The shipping company upon delivery
  • The seller until the goods reach the destination
  • The buyer from the point of shipment (correct)
  • The seller only if the goods are damaged

Which term indicates that the freight charge is already paid by the seller?

  • Ex-ship
  • Freight collect
  • Freight prepaid (correct)
  • CIF

What occurs under FAS shipping terms?

  • The buyer bears all costs until the goods reach their final destination
  • The seller is only responsible for loading the goods onto the ship
  • The seller pays all costs until delivery to the dock next to the vessel (correct)
  • The freight charges are split equally between buyer and seller

When does ownership of the goods pass under CIF terms?

<p>Upon delivery of the goods to the carrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'freight collect' mean in shipping terms?

<p>The freight charge is collected from the buyer upon delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which shipping term does the risk of loss pass to the buyer once the goods are unloaded?

<p>Ex-ship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about 'freight terms' is incorrect?

<p>They only apply to domestic shipping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of using CIF shipping terms for the buyer?

<p>The buyer pays for goods, insurance, and freight in one lump sum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding consigned goods?

<p>The consignor retains ownership of the goods sold by the consignee. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for using the periodic inventory system?

<p>Performing a physical count of inventory at the end of the period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a sale of consigned goods, what does the consignee retain from the sales proceeds?

<p>The sales amount minus commission and advertising expenses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the periodic and perpetual inventory systems?

<p>Perpetual systems track inventory continuously through stock cards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should inventories be presented in the statement of financial position?

<p>As a single line item with details disclosed in notes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inventory system is generally more beneficial for items with a large individual peso investment?

<p>Perpetual Inventory System. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be disclosed in the notes to financial statements regarding inventories?

<p>The composition of inventories like finished goods and raw materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding the cash remittance made to the consignor?

<p>It is the sales amount minus the commission and advertising costs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of accounts receivable is estimated for doubtful accounts?

<p>3% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct journal entry for doubtful accounts expense when the total allowance is $60,000?

<p>Doubtful accounts 50,000; Allowance for doubtful accounts 50,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the percent of sales method primarily favor?

<p>Income statement approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of the percent of sales method in accounting for accounts receivable?

<p>It may not reflect the estimated realizable value accurately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes inventories?

<p>Assets held for sale, production, or as materials for production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inventory classification involves a business buying and selling goods in the same form as purchased?

<p>Merchandise inventory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To determine the appropriate rate for calculating doubtful accounts expense, what should prior years' bad debt losses be divided by?

<p>Total charge sales of prior years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if there is a significant fluctuation in the proportion of cash and credit sales?

<p>It becomes necessary to frequently revise the rate applied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of trade discounts?

<p>To increase sales and encourage trading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a physical count of inventory be conducted in a perpetual system?

<p>At least once a year to confirm stock card balances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cash discount primarily encourage?

<p>Timely payments from buyers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method records purchases at the gross amount of the invoice?

<p>Gross method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the net method of recording purchases?

<p>It reflects the cash equivalent price at the payment date. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of the gross method?

<p>It records discounts only when cash is paid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cost of inventories?

<p>Cost of sale proceeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome when using the gross method consistently over time?

<p>It typically results in no material errors in financial statements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT included in the cost of purchase for inventories?

<p>Foreign exchange differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cost of conversion primarily consist of?

<p>Direct labor and fixed production overhead (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fixed production overhead allocated to the cost of conversion?

<p>Using normal capacity of production facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of production overhead varies directly with the volume of production?

<p>Variable production overhead (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to unallocated fixed overhead?

<p>It is recognized as expense in the current period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is variable production overhead allocated to units of production?

<p>According to actual use of production facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered a direct attributable cost for bringing inventories to their present location?

<p>Trade discounts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the allocation of fixed production overhead?

<p>Amount of direct labor used (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inventory costing method is now disallowed under the current accounting standards?

<p>Last in, First out (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the First in, First out (FIFO) method affect net income during periods of inflation?

<p>It results in the highest net income. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement approach does PAS 2 state for inventories?

<p>Measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does net realizable value (NRV) account for?

<p>Estimated selling price minus the estimated cost of completion and disposal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of the FIFO inventory method?

<p>It leads to higher tax liabilities during inflation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations does NOT impact the recoverability of inventory costs?

<p>The selling prices have increased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary conclusion regarding the FIFO method in declining price scenarios?

<p>It results in lower net income. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement holds true about the cost of goods sold under the FIFO method?

<p>It represents early purchasing costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consigned Goods

Goods owned by one party (consignor) but held and sold by another (consignee).

Consignor

The owner of goods in a consignment arrangement.

Consignee

The party who holds and sells consigned goods.

Periodic Inventory System

Inventory is counted at the end of the period to determine value.

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Perpetual Inventory System

Inventory records are updated continuously.

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Stock Cards

Records used in a perpetual inventory system to track inventory.

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Inventory Classification

Inventories are grouped by type (finished goods, raw materials, etc).

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Inventory Presentation

Inventories are shown as one line item on the balance sheet.

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Physical Inventory Count

Checking the actual number of units on hand to confirm inventory records.

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Trade Discount

A reduction from the listed price to create the invoice price. Not recorded.

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Cash Discount

A deduction from the invoice price for prompt payment.

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Gross Method

Recording purchases and payables at the gross invoice amount.

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FOB Shipping Point

Ownership of goods transfers to the buyer upon shipment.

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FOB Destination

Ownership of goods transfers to the buyer upon arrival at the destination.

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Net Method

Recording purchases and payables at the net invoice amount.

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Inventory Shrinkage

Difference between the physical inventory count and the recorded amount.

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Freight Collect

Buyer pays freight charges after goods are shipped.

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Cost of Inventory

The total cost associated with holding and using inventory items.

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Freight Prepaid

Seller pays freight charges prior to shipping.

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FAS (Free Alongside)

Seller delivers goods alongside ship; buyer takes ownership there.

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CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight)

Seller pays for goods, insurance, and freight; ownership transfers when goods are delivered to carrier.

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Ex-Ship

Seller's responsibility ends when goods are unloaded; ownership transfers then.

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Shipping Terms

Rules determining ownership and who pays expenses during transit.

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Doubtful Accounts Expense

An estimate of the amount of bad debts expected to be uncollectible from credit customers.

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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

A contra-asset account used to offset the value of receivables.

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Percent of Sales Method

A method of estimating doubtful accounts expense that bases the amount on a percentage of sales.

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Accounts Receivable

Amounts owed to a company by its customers for goods or services.

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Inventory (definition)

Assets held for sale, in production for sale, materials, or supplies in production, or services.

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Trading Concern Inventory

Inventory of goods bought and resold in the same form.

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Merchandise Inventory

A specific term for the inventory of a trading concern.

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Matching Principle (income statement)

Expense is recognized in the period in which the related revenue is generated.

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Cost of Purchase

The price of buying inventory, including import duties, taxes, and costs directly related to getting the finished goods, materials, or services.

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Cost of Conversion

The costs directly tied to turning raw materials into finished products. This includes direct labor and allocated production overhead.

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Fixed Production Overhead

Indirect production costs that remain relatively constant, regardless of production volume.

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Variable Production Overhead

Indirect production costs that change based on production volume.

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Normal Capacity

The expected production level considering planned maintenance and potential production losses over a specific period (e.g., a season).

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Allocation of Fixed Production Overhead

Distributing fixed overhead costs to each unit of production based on normal capacity.

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Allocation of Variable Production Overhead

Distributing variable overhead costs to each unit of production based on actual production activity.

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FIFO (First-In, First-Out)

Inventory costing method where the first items purchased are assumed to be the first items sold.

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Weighted Average

Inventory costing method that calculates the average cost of all goods available for sale and then applies this average to determine the cost of goods sold and ending inventory.

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LCNRV (Lower of Cost and Net Realizable Value)

Inventory valuation method; if the net realizable value (selling price less costs of completion and disposal) is lower than the cost of inventory, inventory is written down to the net realizable value.

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Net Realizable Value (NRV)

Estimated selling price less costs to complete and sell.

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Inventory Costing Methods

Methods for assigning costs to inventory when calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS).

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Cost of Goods Sold

Direct cost of products a business sold during a period.

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Inventory Valuation

Assigning monetary value to the items in inventory.

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Obsolete Inventory

Inventory that is no longer useful or sellable.

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Study Notes

Trade Receivables

  • Claims arising from the sale of goods/services in the ordinary course of business
  • Examples include accounts receivable, trade debtors, and trade accounts receivable
  • Supported by formal promises to pay (notes receivable)

Nontrade Receivables

  • Claims from sources other than the sale of goods/services in the ordinary course of business
  • Examples include advances to shareholders, directors, officers, or employees

Current and Non-current Receivables

  • Receivables expected to be collected within one year are current assets
  • Receivables expected to be collected in more than one year are non-current assets

Trade and Other Receivables

  • A combined line item on the balance sheet
  • Details are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements

Accounts Receivable Examples

  • $5,000,000.00
  • ($200,000.00) Allowance for doubtful accounts
  • $1,000,000.00 Notes Receivable
  • $150,000.00 Accrued interest on note receivable
  • $100,000.00 Advances to officers and employees
  • $250,000.00 Dividends receivable

Total Trade and Other Receivables

  • $6,300,000.00

Initial Measurement of Accounts Receivable

  • Recognized at fair value plus transaction costs
  • Fair value is typically the transaction price
  • Short-term receivables are measured at face amount or original invoice amount

Subsequent Measurement

  • Accounts receivable measured at amortized cost (net realizable value)
  • Net realizable value is the amount of cash expected to be collected, or the estimated recoverable amount

Customer Credit Balances

  • Result from overpayments, returns, allowances, and advance payments from customers

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