James Madison and the War of 1812

• James Madison, the 4th U.S. President, is known as the "Father of the Constitution."
• He aimed to continue Thomas Jefferson's limited government approach.
• The War of 1812 significantly shaped Madison's presidency.
• Impressment was the practice of the British and French forcing sailors into their navies.
• It fueled conflicts leading up to the War of 1812.
• The Treaty of Ghent officially ended the War of 1812.
• The Battle of New Orleans was a U.S. victory after the war's official end.
• It fostered a sense of American triumph in the War of 1812.
• Nationalism is prioritizing national interests over regional or international concerns.
• Sectionalism involves valuing regional/state interests above national interests.
• The Northern economy was based on industry, with factories and mass production in urban areas.
• It was the location for the start of the Industrial Revolution
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.
• The Southern economy relied on agriculture, with cotton as the main crop.
• It depended on slave labor and plantations in rural settings.
• The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, sped up cotton processing.
• It increased the demand for slavery in the South due to increased cotton production.
• "Necessary evil" was a Southern idea that slavery, though bad, was needed for economic growth.
• The Era of Good Feelings saw rising nationalism and reduced political party conflict in the U.S.
• James Monroe, the 5th U.S. President (1816-1824), was a nationalist.
• He served during the Era of Good Feelings.
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) opposed European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
• It pledged U.S. non-interference in European affairs.
• It remained U.S. foreign policy until World War I.
• The Missouri Compromise (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
• It drew a line across the Louisiana Territory, banning slavery north of it and allowing it south of it.
• The Election of 1824's outcome was labeled the "Corrupt Bargain."
• Jackson supporters claimed Adams and Clay stole the presidency from Jackson.
• This happened when Adams made Henry Clay his Secretary of State.
• The Spoils System, backed by Jackson, rewarded campaign supporters with government jobs.
• The Trail of Tears involved the forced relocation of Native Americans.
• This was done to take valuable Southern lands via the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
• Frederick Douglass escaped slavery at 20 and became an anti-slavery speaker.
• He published the abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.
• Harriet Tubman, born into slavery, escaped North in 1849.
• She became a leading figure on the Underground Railroad, guiding over 300 slaves to freedom.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) about the mistreatment of a slave.
• The book influenced more people, especially Northerners, to oppose slavery.
• Dorothea Dix was a middle-class reformer who improved mental health care and prisons in the U.S.
• The 2nd Great Awakening was a Christian revival that sparked various reform movements in the U.S.
• Abolition means ending slavery completely.
• Horace Mann championed public school reform, setting standards nationwide.
• Temperance refers to action against alcohol consumption and its potential problems.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a women's rights advocate in the 1840s.
• She advocated for women's suffrage at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; she read a "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."
• The Declaration of Sentiments, created at the Seneca Falls Convention, was based on the Declaration of Independence.
• It addressed social injustices towards women and demanded equal rights.
• The Seneca Falls Convention in July 1848 was the first modern women's rights gathering.
• Sojourner Truth, born into slavery, escaped in 1827 and became a preacher against slavery and for women's rights.
• She was the first Black woman orator to speak against slavery.

This lesson explores James Madison's presidency, focusing on the War of 1812. It covers key events like impressment, the Treaty of Ghent, and the Battle of New Orleans. Additionally, it contrasts nationalism with sectionalism and examines the economic differences between the North and South.