Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was Griffith's policy of passive resistance inspired by?
What was Griffith's policy of passive resistance inspired by?
What was one aspect of the Sinn Féin policy?
What was one aspect of the Sinn Féin policy?
Which organization was founded by Arthur Griffith in Dublin in 1900?
Which organization was founded by Arthur Griffith in Dublin in 1900?
What was Bulmer Hobson's policy for achieving an independent Irish republic called?
What was Bulmer Hobson's policy for achieving an independent Irish republic called?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Griffith advocate regarding the relationship between Ireland and Britain?
What did Griffith advocate regarding the relationship between Ireland and Britain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organization merged with the Dungannon Clubs to form the Sinn Féin League in 1907?
Which organization merged with the Dungannon Clubs to form the Sinn Féin League in 1907?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following was a key belief of Griffith regarding history?
Which of the following was a key belief of Griffith regarding history?
Signup and view all the answers
Who co-founded the National Council with Arthur Griffith in 1903?
Who co-founded the National Council with Arthur Griffith in 1903?
Signup and view all the answers
What significant split occurred among the Volunteers during this period?
What significant split occurred among the Volunteers during this period?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one consequence of the 1916 Rising for the Irish political landscape?
What was one consequence of the 1916 Rising for the Irish political landscape?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age did Patrick Pearse join the Gaelic League?
At what age did Patrick Pearse join the Gaelic League?
Signup and view all the answers
Which publication did Patrick Pearse edit?
Which publication did Patrick Pearse edit?
Signup and view all the answers
What role did Pearse assume among the revolutionaries?
What role did Pearse assume among the revolutionaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the significance of Pearse's graveside oration in August 1915?
What was the significance of Pearse's graveside oration in August 1915?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Pearse suggest about the state of rulers and defenders of realms?
What did Pearse suggest about the state of rulers and defenders of realms?
Signup and view all the answers
What marked the 'climate of militarization' referenced in the context of the Great War?
What marked the 'climate of militarization' referenced in the context of the Great War?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group did NOT participate in the Easter Rising?
Which group did NOT participate in the Easter Rising?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary strategy of the rebels during the Easter Rising?
What was the primary strategy of the rebels during the Easter Rising?
Signup and view all the answers
What was Eoin MacNeill's stance on rebellion?
What was Eoin MacNeill's stance on rebellion?
Signup and view all the answers
What event was the Easter Rising compared to in terms of urban street siege strategy?
What event was the Easter Rising compared to in terms of urban street siege strategy?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant issue with the Aud during the Easter Rising?
What was a significant issue with the Aud during the Easter Rising?
Signup and view all the answers
Which building did the rebels NOT make a serious attempt to take during the Rising?
Which building did the rebels NOT make a serious attempt to take during the Rising?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the outcome of the forged note found by Dublin Castle?
What was the outcome of the forged note found by Dublin Castle?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the role of the Irish Citizen Army in the Easter Rising?
What was the role of the Irish Citizen Army in the Easter Rising?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group primarily opposed the conscription threat in Ireland?
Which group primarily opposed the conscription threat in Ireland?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the outcome of the 1918 General Election in Ireland?
What was the outcome of the 1918 General Election in Ireland?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the Government of Ireland Act achieve?
What did the Government of Ireland Act achieve?
Signup and view all the answers
How many people were approximately killed in the Anglo-Irish War between 1919 and 1921?
How many people were approximately killed in the Anglo-Irish War between 1919 and 1921?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the significance of Bloody Sunday on November 21, 1920?
What was the significance of Bloody Sunday on November 21, 1920?
Signup and view all the answers
What event led to the arrest of 73 prominent Sinn Féiners?
What event led to the arrest of 73 prominent Sinn Féiners?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a major effect of the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act in August 1920?
What was a major effect of the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act in August 1920?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggered the economic war between Ireland and Britain in July 1932?
What triggered the economic war between Ireland and Britain in July 1932?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following measures was implemented by the British Treasury in retaliation during the economic war?
Which of the following measures was implemented by the British Treasury in retaliation during the economic war?
Signup and view all the answers
Which notable figure was involved in selecting Sinn Féin candidates during the 1918 election?
Which notable figure was involved in selecting Sinn Féin candidates during the 1918 election?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant achievement of Fianna Fáil during the 1930s?
What was a significant achievement of Fianna Fáil during the 1930s?
Signup and view all the answers
How much did industrial output rise between 1931 and 1938?
How much did industrial output rise between 1931 and 1938?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of Anglo-Irish relations was not normalized until 1938?
What aspect of Anglo-Irish relations was not normalized until 1938?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a primary focus of the 1937 Bunreacht na hÉireann?
What was a primary focus of the 1937 Bunreacht na hÉireann?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a major effect of the economic war on Irish farmers?
What was a major effect of the economic war on Irish farmers?
Signup and view all the answers
What was De Valera's role during the economic war?
What was De Valera's role during the economic war?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one of the primary outcomes of the 1938 Anglo-Irish agreements?
What was one of the primary outcomes of the 1938 Anglo-Irish agreements?
Signup and view all the answers
Who led the Irish delegation in the 1938 negotiations?
Who led the Irish delegation in the 1938 negotiations?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the Emergency Powers Act provide for the government during the conflict?
What did the Emergency Powers Act provide for the government during the conflict?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the financial settlement amount for the land annuities dispute in the 1938 agreements?
What was the financial settlement amount for the land annuities dispute in the 1938 agreements?
Signup and view all the answers
What was Eamon de Valera's stance on Ireland's neutrality during the war?
What was Eamon de Valera's stance on Ireland's neutrality during the war?
Signup and view all the answers
What event occurred as part of the implementation of the Emergency Powers Act?
What event occurred as part of the implementation of the Emergency Powers Act?
Signup and view all the answers
What did de Valera state about the implications of Ireland's neutrality for its people?
What did de Valera state about the implications of Ireland's neutrality for its people?
Signup and view all the answers
What significant incident was mentioned that caused concern during the Emergency?
What significant incident was mentioned that caused concern during the Emergency?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Parnellism and Home Rule
- Parnellism and Home Rule were key movements in Irish nationalism.
- Irish political violence grew and was addressed by British and Irish politicians through reforms.
Act of Union
- Prior to the Great Famine (1845-9), there was a political movement to repeal the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland (which had come into effect in 1801).
- The movement ended during the Famine.
- Following this, Fenianism (a revolutionary nationalist movement) emerged in America and Ireland during the 1850s.
Fenianism
- The Fenians wanted Ireland to become an independent republic separating from Britain; they were willing to use physical force.
- A failed rising in Ireland in 1867, with imprisonments and executions, generated sympathy amongst moderate nationalists.
Reforms
- From 1867 onwards, some British and Irish politicians sought to curb political violence through reform.
- William Gladstone, the British Prime Minister, intended to address Irish grievances which stemmed from the violence.
- Church and land reforms were undertaken.
Legislation
- 1869 - Irish Church Act: The Church of Ireland (Anglican) was disestablished, thus ending the legal connection between church and state in Ireland.
- 1870 - Irish Land Act: Gave the force of law to the Ulster custom and established similar rights across Ireland; the Bright clauses allowed tenants to purchase their holdings.
Home Rule
- 1870 - The Home Rule movement was formed by the Protestant barrister Isaac Butt.
- The objective of the movement (from 1870 to 1918) was for the creation of an Irish parliament to legislate on domestic affairs, and this body would maintain connections with Britain.
Political Developments
- 1870 - Formation of the Home Government Association.
- 1872 - Ballot Act established secret voting during elections.
- 1873 - Formation of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain and the Home Rule League (Dublin).
- 1874 - 60 Home Rulers elected, Home Rule Parliamentary Party created (obstruction campaign began in British parliament).
New Departure
- 1878 - Agricultural depression; tenant farmers could not afford rent which spurred a crisis linking land to nation.
- June 1879 - New Departure agreement that there was a crucial link between land and national issues.
- Agreement between agrarian leaders and constitutional and physical force nationalist movements.
Personalities
- Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-1891)
- Michael Davitt (1846-1905)
- John Devoy (1842-1928)
Michael Davitt
- Born in Co Mayo in 1846.
- Family evicted in 1850 due to unpaid rent.
- Moved to England to find work, lost arm in a factory accident aged 11.
- Joined the Fenians in 1865.
- Imprisoned for activities in 1870.
- Founded the Irish National Land League in October 1879.
- Became president of the League, overseeing the Land War.
John Devoy
- Born in 1842.
- Chief organiser of the Fenians in the British Army in 1865.
- Imprisoned for treason, but released early and exiled to the US.
- Worked for New York Herald and active in Clan na Gael.
- Aligned with IRB in 1877.
The Land War
- 1879-1882 - A campaign of agrarian protest by tenant farmers.
- Demanded: fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale of their interest in land.
- Mass movement reliant on moral force (social and economic ostracism/boycott).
- Land Act of 1881 gave the Three Fs, but not for tenant farmers in arrears.
- Kilmainham Treaty of 1882 - Understanding between Parnell and Gladstone government that brought an end to the Land War.
Land Acts
- 1885 - Purchase of Land Act (Ireland) or Ashbourne Act led to the increased loan limit to 100%.
- 1891 - Purchase of Land Act (Ireland) or Balfour Act led to the introduction of land bonds as an alternative payment method for landlords selling land to tenants.
- Also set up the Congested Districts Board to divide and amalgamate holdings.
Charles Stewart Parnell (1)
- Born 1846 in Avondale, Co Wicklow.
- Father was a wealthy Anglo-Irish landowner (John Henry Parnell, 1811-1859)
- Mother was Delia Stewart (1816-1896) of New Jersey.
- Grandfather was American naval hero Commodore Charles Stewart.
C.S. Parnell (2)
- 1875 - First elected to the House of Commons as a Home Rule League MP.
- Associated with the radical wing of the party, some with links to the Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians).
- 1880 - Elected chairman of the Home Rule League.
- 1882 - Party renamed the Irish Parliamentary Party.
C.S. Parnell (3)
- Fundamentally restructured the party.
- Imposed a strict oath obliging MPs to vote en bloc.
- Ensured professional selection of candidates.
- 1882 - Shifted from agrarian issues to a constitutional campaign for Home Rule.
- Established the Irish National League, replacing the Land League.
- Party became more homogenous.
- 1886 - Introduced the first Home Rule Bill.
Stereotypical Irishman
- Caricature of Irish men, reflecting negative stereotypes of the period.
Liberal Alliance
- 1884 - Representation of the People (Reform) Act increased the Irish Catholic electorate.
- 1885 - Liberal victory in general election. Parnellites held 86 seats, showing Parnell's power and influencing Gladstone.
- 1885-6 - Home Rule Crisis led to the organisation of formal Irish Unionism.
William Ewart Gladstone
- British Prime Minister.
Parnell, 21st January 1885
- Speech about the restitution of Grattan's parliament. Stressed the right of a nation to move forward.
Unionism
- Unionism called for preserving the union between Britain and Ireland.
- Unionist concerns included religious, economic, and political factors.
- Southern unionists formed the Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union (later the Irish Unionist Alliance) to contest seats in 1885 general elections.
- Ulster Unionists formed a political party and Union to organise at the local level in 1886.
The Orange Order
- A Protestant political society founded in 1795.
- Commemorates the victory of King William III of Orange over King James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
Home Rule Defeated
- 1886 - Parnell's power peaked but was undermined.
- Gladstone's first Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of Commons.
- Conservative victory in general election.
- Plan of Campaign launched in Ireland (new round of agrarian agitation).
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- After 1886, Parnell's political power waned due to ill-health, relationship with Katherine O'Shea, refusal to back the Plan of Campaign.
- Also due to accusations of criminal activity.
Parnellism and Crime
- 1887 - Articles/letters in The Times linked Parnell to the Phoenix Park murders (1882).
- Involved revolutionary group 'The Invincibles.'
- 1888 - Special Commission of enquiry into allegations from The Times.
- 1889 - Letter from The Times exposed as a forgery; William O'Shea filed for divorce citing Parnell's affair with his wife Katherine.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- 1890 - O'Shea divorce hearing threatened Parnell's leadership; re-elected, but challenged within his party.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- 1891 - Bitter split between Parnellites and Anti-Parnellites in the Irish Party severely weakened the party.
- Death of Parnell in October after an exhausting by-election campaign.
Parnell's Legacy
- Altered the shape of British politics.
- Dominated Irish politics.
- 'Uncrowned King of Ireland'.
- Home Rule's potential if Parnell had remained leader.
- Mythical 'lost leader'.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- By 1890, Ireland was culturally assimilated into the UK, resulting from 19th-century modernisation.
Modernisation
- Advent of the National School System (1831) led to increased literacy, impacting the Irish language.
- Extension of the railway system increased mobility and access to goods.
- Increased industrialisation in the northeast.
- Unprecedented prosperity after the Famine (reduced population pressure and better resource access).
Factors
- Increased literacy, mobility, and prosperity made Ireland more culturally homogenous but did not erase regional differences.
- Cultural nationalists reacted to cultural assimilation by defending/reviving Irish culture through sport, language, and literature/theatre.
Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA)
- Founded by Michael Cusack in 1884.
- Aim was 'the preservation and cultivation of national pastimes'.
- Promoted native Irish sports like hurling, Gaelic football, and athletics.
- Designed to counter the popularity of British sports (rugby, soccer, cricket).
- Promoting Irish sports was a way to combat British imperialism and cultural assimilation.
Athletic Heritage
- Celebrated aspects of Irish culture in sports, tracing origins back to legendary figures and co-evalising with Greek athletic traditions.
- Irish games and sports distinct from English influences.
Nationalist Movement
- Nationalist clubs provided a sense of identity and nationalism.
- The IRB was heavily involved from the start, viewing the GAA as a recruitment and training ground.
- There was a lull in GAA activity in the 1890s but a revival in 1900 coinciding with the IRB revival.
The Gaelic League
- Founded by historian Eoin MacNeill in 1893.
- Aim was to ensure the maintenance and promotion of the Irish (Gaelic) language.
- Counteracted the decline of the Irish language.
Assessing the League's Contribution
- Failed to stop the decline of the Irish language.
- Contributed to the idea of Irishness.
- Members played a role in the Easter Rising and the independence struggle.
Irish Literary Theatre
- Forerunner of the Abbey Theatre, founded by W.B. Yeats and Lady Gregory in 1899.
- Aimed to develop uniquely Irish plays in response to prevalent British theatrical fare.
Self-Reliance Organisations
- GAA, Gaelic League, and Irish Literary Theatre were cultural self-reliance or self-help organisations.
- Other organisations promoted Irish economic and/or political self-reliance.
- Examples include the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society (IAOS) and Sinn Féin.
Sinn Féin
- Self-reliance movement founded by Dublin journalist Arthur Griffith (1871-1922) in approximately 1904.
- Inspired by the example of Hungary in the 19th century achieving its own parliament under the Crown.
- Griffith advocated for a dual Irish-British monarchy.
Arthur Griffith
- Young man holding radical views, belonging to societies like the Young Ireland League and the Celtic Literary Society.
- Present at the first meeting of the Gaelic League.
- Advocated for a dual monarchy unifying Ireland and Britain.
- Enthusiast for compromise proposal.
- Believed the past should not be recalled if it no longer provided inspiration.
Sinn Féin
- Belfast nationalist activist Bulmer Hobson (1883-1969) developed similar policies.
- Proposed a policy of 'defensive warfare' inspired by James Fintan Lalor.
- Rival leaders within the movement included Griffith and Hobson.
- Hobson left Sinn Féin to focus on the IRB.
Aspects of the Sinn Féin policy
- Irish MPs should abstain from British Parliament.
- Irishmen should not enlist in British military or police.
- Irish industries should be developed.
- Irish people should only buy Irish goods.
Sinn Féin Policy
- Initially three different organisations promoted Sinn Féin policy: Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Council, and the Dungannon Clubs.
Maud Gonne
- Irish activist.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Cumann na nGaedheal and Dungannon Clubs merged in 1907 to become Sinn Féin.
- Charles Dolan fought the 1908 by-election.
Influence of Sinn Féin
- Began to decline with younger members (Hobson and McCullough) frustrated and leaving to focus on IRB revival.
- Maud Gonne founded the Daughters of Erin group in 1900 (later absorbed into Sinn Féin).
- Sinn Féin did not gain mass support until after the 1916 Rising, though impacted future Irish political leaders.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Deepening Crisis; Ireland (1908-16).
Killing Home Rule With Kindness
- Conservative Governments: Wyndham Land Act, 1903.
- Social Revolution.
- Local Government Act, 1898.
- Liberals return to power after General Election of 1906.
- Irish Universities Act, 1908.
John Redmond
- Figure in Irish politics.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Asquith's Government (1908-16).
- Commitment to Home Rule.
- Social Welfare Reforms.
- 'People's Budget' – 1909.
- House of Lords Veto - unprecedented action.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- 1910 - Two General Elections, January - two seat difference, Irish Nationalists hold balance, Death of King Edward VII - May 1910, Inter-party Conference.
- No agreement, December election produces similar results.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Liberals threaten to swamp the Lords with new peers; Parliament Act, 1911.
- Assertions of House of Commons supremacy, Lords delay but not veto legislation.
Home Rule Bill, 1912
- Third Home Rule Bill similar to 1893 measure.
- No recognition of Ulster.
- No attempt to defuse Ulster opposition.
- Government strategies depended on the extent and character of Ulster resistance.
Ulster Unionism
- Led by Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, MP.
- 1912 demonstration.
- Formation of the Ulster Unionist Council.
Solemn League and Covenant
- Modelled on Scottish National Covenant (1638).
- Carson embarked on publicity tour, Ulster Day (28 September 1912).
- Atmosphere of religious fervour with theatrical politics.
- 470,000 Signatories.
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
- No political gains, discipline and unity were important.
- Was a militant organisation since 1910.
- UVF formed in 1912 by males who signed the Covenant.
- 100,000 Members.
- Larne Gun-Running (April 1914).
The Irish Volunteers
- Founded by Professor Eoin MacNeill.
- To secure and maintain rights/liberties common to entire Irish population.
- IRB Vehicle.
The 1913 Lockout
- James Larkin, ITGWU (1913-10,000 members).
- Involved Dublin United Tramway Company.
- William Martin Murphy, 'Sympathetic Strikes'.
- Also involved 20,000 workers.
Irish Volunteers
- Recruitment slow before April 1914.
- AOH/Redmond takeover.
- Defence of Home Rule.
- Prevent conscription.
- Counter-bluff to Unionism.
- Howth Gun Running (1500 rifles).
The Great War
- Home Rule Suspended.
- Ulster Exemption.
- 36th Ulster Division (35,000 men).
- Redmond's Tactics.
- Woodenbridge Speech.
- 90,000 nationalist recruits before 1916.
- National Volunteers outnumbered Ulster Volunteers
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Volunteers split into National Volunteers and Irish Volunteers.
- 10% repudiated Redmond's leadership.
- This was advantageous to IRB.
- Drilling began again openly at the end of 1914.
Recruitment
- Posters to encourage Irish men to join the Irish Regiment during World War One.
- Also to avenge the Lusitania.
IRB infiltration of Volunteers
Prelude to Revolution
- Great War's militarisation.
- Irish party success in by-elections.
- War cabinet announcement of placing Ireland under Military Command.
- Redmond's refusal of cabinet place and optimism.
Who was Patrick Pearse?
- Born 27 Great Brunswick Street in 1879.
- Joined Gaelic League at age 16, edited Gaelic League newspaper.
- Joined the IRB in early 1914.
Pearse Birthplace
- Physical location.
The 1916 Proclamation
- A statement articulating the motivations and principles behind the 1916 Rising.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Changed Uttertly: Easter 1916 and its aftermath
Rising
- Planned by the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
- Organised via military council within the IRB.
- War was seen as an opportunity for Ireland.
- Irish Volunteers participated (alongside the IRB)
Strategy
- Key buildings (taken by rebels) within British barracks included GPO, Bolands Bakery, Four Courts, Liberty Hall, the Royal College of Surgeons, Jacob's Biscuit Factory; no serious attempt was made to take Dublin Castle.
Eoin MacNeill
- Countermanded orders from Irish Volunteers president.
- Believed that rebellion only happened if British enforced conscription or tried to disarm Volunteers.
Getting MacNeill on board
- Rumours reached Dublin Castle.
- Note, written on Castle notepaper appeared.
- Forgery.
The Aud
- Germans sent an arms ship, the Aud, to Ireland (a modest amount of arms).
Roger Casement
- Casement was a humanitarian.
- Main organiser of Howth gun running.
- Played an instrumental role in sparking the rising, or so believed.
Roger Casement and John Devoy in the US
1916 Strongholds
Dublin Brigade Orders, 24th April 1918
GPO, 1916
1916 Leaders
- Key figures in the 1916 Rising.
Executions
- Courts-martial decided the fate of prisoners.
- General Maxwell replaced Augustine Birrell.
- Ireland put under Military command.
- 15 leaders executed, including 7 signatories
- Casement tried for high treason in London
- De Valera's sentence commuted to imprisonment.
- Connolly's execution despite Asquith instructions.
A Sinn Féin Rebellion.
- General Maxwell's aim.
- Newspapers depicting rising as Sinn Féin rebellion.
- Popular misconception of Griffith.
Connacht Tribune on the Easter Rising
'Darkest week in the history of Dublin'
- Newspapers reporting the Easter Rising events.
Coup d'État or Bloody Protest?
- Much planning and preparation went into the Rising.
- A rising on any day was theoretically feasible.
- Significance of the Howth gun running.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- War and Revolution
The Aftermath
- Execution of leaders and introduction of Martial Law.
- Imprisonment and internment of Volunteers.
- Lloyd George's summoning of parties.
- Buckingham Palace conference in July.
- 'Palace Coup'.
- Prisoners return in December 1916 as goodwill gesture.
'A University of Rebellion'
- Referring to Irish prison conditions
Éamon de Valera
- Commandant of the 3rd Battalion and Adjutant of Dublin Brigade.
- Sentenced to death but commuted to life imprisonment, a school master taken at Boland´s Mill.
- Became prisoner's leader in Dartmoor.
De Valera's Arrest
- Pictures of arrest.
Prisoners return, July 1917
Sinn Féin Convention
- October 1917.
- 2,000 delegates.
- De Valera elected President, Griffith vice-President; aimed for international recognition; referendum opportunity for the Irish to decide their government.
British Reaction to Sinn Féin
- Conscription threat.
- Opposition across all sections of Irish society including the Catholic Church.
- British cabinet saw Irish violence as a relatively minor matter.
- 'German Plot' led to arrests of 73 Sinn Féiners.
- Anticipated arrests and escape of volunteers.
1918 General Election
- War ended in November, leading to a general election in December (first in eight years).
- Sinn Féin candidates imprisoned.
- Strong preference for those in the 1916 Rising.
- IRB members were also prominent and chosen by Collins and Boland.
- Irish electorate doubled and included women over 30.
- Huge Sinn Féin victory in the election.
First Dáil, 1919
- Photo of the assembly.
Volunteer Units, c.1920
- Images of volunteer units.
'Black and Tans'
- Image of the British forces.
Government of Ireland Act, 1920
- 'Fourth Home Rule Bill', 23 December 1920.
- Ulster achieved Home Rule before the rest of Ireland.
- Created parliaments for Southern and Northern Ireland.
Michael Collins: Soldier and Politician
- Image of him in uniform and at a speech.
Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920
- Collins' Active Service Unit killed 14 British intelligence officers.
- Black and Tans machine-gunned a Croke Park crowd killing 15 civilians.
Casualties of War
- c.1500 killed.
- 363 RIC/police employees, 261 regular British soldiers.
- c.550 IRA volunteers, c.200 civilians.
- Truce signed on 9 July 1921 and British tested Ireland's peacefulness.
- British troops would not withdraw.
- Resources of the IRA were largely depleted.
Plenipotentiaries
- Official delegates.
The Treaty
- Images of the Treaty and documents.
Treaty Debate
- Oath of Fidelity to King rejected by Irish Republic.
- Incorrectly known as the Oath of Allegiance.
- Split in Sinn Féin cabinet, with the Dáil and IRA different views.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
- First Article.
- Ireland's same constitutional status as other Dominions.
Civil War
- After Dáil's Treaty acceptance and de Valera's resignation as President.
- Anti-Treatyites (Irregulars) occupied Four Courts (April) with ongoing conflicts.
- British provided arms to the Free State Army.
- Collins secretly diverted arms to Northern Ireland.
Civil War (2)
- De Valera had no control.
- Griffith died from a stroke.
- Collins died in an ambush.
- Free State reaction was brutal suppression.
- 77 Republicans executed by the Free State Army.
Modern Ireland, 1870-1998
- Section on the Irish Free State, 1922-39.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
- First Article: Ireland's same constitutional status as other Dominions in the British Empire.
Civil War
- After Dáil's Treaty acceptance and de Valera's resignation as President, a significant number of personnel rejected the authority.
- Anti-treatyites occupied Four Courts, free state army acted.
- British provided arms to the Free State Army.
- Collins secretly diverted arms to the North, Catholic communities targeted.
- Anti-treaty retreated to remote areas.
Michael Collins
- Image of him, both in uniform and later as a politician
Civil War (2)
- De Valera had no control.
- Griffith's death (August 12, 1922).
- Collin's death.
- Free State reaction to 'irregular' violence; brutal suppression via executions.
- 81 Republicans executed.
Government of Ireland Act, 1920
- May 1921; Home Rule for six counties of Ulster.
- Separate parliaments for Southern and Northern Ireland.
- Debate around Treaty, and Boundary Commission proposed.
Cumann na nGaedheal
- Collins absence.
- Provisional government replaced (April 1923).
- Cosgrave became leader.
Civil War Legacy
- Civil war poisoned the body politic and corrupted political life.
- Costly financial burden of reparations.
- Lasting effects of civil strife (e.g. heartache, headaches, depression, empty pockets); attributed to the civil war conflict.
- Cost largely on local councils.
- Pearse's clarity of vision was no longer attainable.
De Valera at O’Higgins’s wedding
- Image of the wedding.
The Cosgrave Party
- Attended inaugural meeting of Sinn Féin
- Councillor since 1909
- Chairman of Dublin Corporation Finance Committee.
- Describing reforming member/interested in urban dwellers.
- Fought in South Dublin Union
- Chaired provisional government during Collins' absence.
W.T. Cosgrave (1880-1965)
- Image of him.
Economic Policy
- Civil War legacy.
- Conservative-minded revolutionaries.
- Taxation kept relatively low with borrowing minimums
- Irish currency linked to sterling.
- Free trade preferred over protectionism in regard to economic policy stance.
- Emphasis on agricultural development, rather than industrial.
- Agriculture output rose post-war recovery but farming alone could not close the employment gap.
Economic War
- De Valera's government refusal to hand over land annuities.
- Significant impact on agrarian and Anglo-Irish relations which were not completely resolved until 1938 when a trade agreement was signed.
- British Treasury looked at penal 'emergency' tariffs on the Irish imports; Free State retaliatory duties, and licensing restrictions imposed.
Industrial Output
- Hardship caused by economic war was matched by increasing prosperity in towns.
- Output rose significantly.
- Increased working class support following cheaper food and better employment options.
- Expansion of employment during the 1930s and onwards, but unemployment consistently high.
Fianna Fail's achievements
- Legitimised state democratic structures.
- Withstood the extra-parliamentary threat.
- Protected Irish industry
- Created more jobs in industry.
- Initiated welfare measures (eg Unemployment Assistance Act).
- Established state owned utility companies.
Anglo-Irish Relations
- De Valera, President of Executive Council and Minister for External Affairs.
- Economic war (caused by non payment of land annuities).
- British continually wary of De Valera.
- External Relations Act, 1936.
- Bunreacht na hÉireann, 1937.
- Anglo-Irish financial settlement, 1938.
- Vindicated Collins assertion that the Treaty provided 'the freedom to achieve freedom'.
1938 Anglo-Irish agreements
- Resolved Economic War satisfactorily.
- Neville Chamberlain as British PM
- De Valera led the Irish delegation; no partition bargaining.
- Return of Treaty ports to facilitate Irish neutrality.
The Emergency
- Emergency declared when war broke out.
- Emergency Powers Act conferred special powers to the government.
- Two new departments established.
- Accidental bombings.
- Emigration helped unemployment issues in Ireland.
Neutrality
- People inquired about Ireland's position during America's entry into the war;
- Policy remained the same (neutrality).
- Circumstances, history, and partition of the country made other policies impossible.
- Neutrality adopted owing to the circumstances.
- No illusions regarding difficulties and dangers of neutrality.
- Fully aware of belligerents' attitudes.
Churchill on De Valera
- De Valera's actions contradicted the temper and instincts of Southern Irishmen as numerous Irish men volunteered to support the war effort on the British side;
- Ireland's ports and airfields were vulnerable owing to De Valera's stance, with increased danger of hostile attacks.
De Valera and Churchill
- Images of Irish figures.
A Sovereign State
- What is independence; fundamentally concerning foreign relations.
- Neutrality as the ultimate expression of Independence.
- De Valera emphasis on sovereignty, not strict neutrality.
- Irish policy independent and separate from British policy.
- Ireland a friendly neutral.
De Valera's Vision
- St Patrick's Day 1943 speech portrays envisioned Ireland.
- Home to a people valuing material wealth as a basis for right living.
- Devotion to spiritual things.
- Countryside with cozy homes and industry.
- Children´s joy, maiden's laughter, wisdom.
- Fostering rural Ireland.
Self-Sufficiency
- Economic and social privations during the emergency.
- Ireland's reliance on other countries to maintain living standards.
- Considerations from J.M. Keynes on national self-sufficiency.
- Imports, primarily raw materials, remained high.
Health and Social Welfare
- Government response to the need for improvement in health and social welfare, largely based on publication of Beveridge Report in Britain (1942) and the resulting promises for better services in Northern Ireland.
- New departments created (Health and Social Welfare, 1947).
- Separate health department deemed necessary owing to extent of public health issues at the time.
- Prevalence of Tuberculosis was significant.
MacEntee and Lemass
- Images of the two men.
1948 General Election
- Coalition government formed, replacing De Valera's party due to other parties wishing to remove Fianna Fáil from power.
- Compromise candidate (John A Costello).
- Clann na Poblachta (a new radical political party) with MacBride as a dominant personality in the cabinet.
1927 General Elections
- Fianna Fáil performance.
- Assassination of O´Higgins.
- Cosgrave´s legislation causing Fianna Fáil to take 'empty formula'.
- 1927 general election results; significance of opposition in Dáil Éireann.
1932 Election
- Government campaigned on a platform of stability
- Fianna Fail promised to reduce waste in the public service.
- Accusations of communist leanings.
- Scrap land annuities and oath .
1932 General Election
- First change in government in the independent state.
- Fianna Fáil gained 15 seats.
- Formed government.
- Fears of military coup.
- Accepted civil service as senior civils had been supporters of the previous regime.
1932 Election
- Newspaper and advertisement material.
First Fianna Fáil Government, 1932
- Image of the Government.
New Policies
- Policies pursued after Fianna Fáil's victory.
- Influence of immediate economic pressures.
- Protectionist measures.
- Shift in emphasis in agriculture towards grain from pasture.
- De Valera´s radical stance towards the British Government.
Economic War
- De Valera's government´s refusal to hand over the land annuities dispute.
- British Treasury's implementation of penal 'emergency' tariffs.
- Free State imposing retaliatory duties/bounties.
- Ongoing disagreements hampered Irish agricultural and Anglo-Irish relations until a trade agreement was signed in 1938.
Industrial Output
- Hardship caused by economic conflict matched by rising prosperity in towns.
- Industrial output rose by 46%.
- Growth of employment opportunities with cheaper food.
Fianna Fáil's achievements
- Legitimised democratic structures.
- Withstood extra-parliamentary threats.
- Protected industry and created jobs.
- Launched ambitious house building programmes.
- Welfare measures such as Unemployment Assistance Act.
- Established state-owned utilities.
Anglo-Irish relations
- De Valera and Minister of External Affairs.
- Economic War, caused by land annuities.
- British wariness and caution towards De Valera.
- External Relations Act, 1936; Bunreacht na hÉireann (1937).
- Anglo-Irish financial settlement of 1938.
1938 Anglo-Irish agreements
- Resolved economic war to the satisfaction of the Irish.
- Neville Chamberlain was British PM.
- No bargaining on partition.
- Return of Treaty ports facilitated neutrality.
Social Change
- 1960-61 television's introduction to liberal influences.
- Anglo-American culture exposure.
- Showband era reflecting changing musical tastes.
- Increased diversification of economy and service industry growth.
- Decline in agricultural employment
Visit of JFK
- June 1963, JFK, great-grandson of Irish emigrant, visited Ireland on 1963 European tour, specifically visiting Dublin, Wexford, Cork, Galway, and Limerick
Emigration
- Central feature of the history of post-war Ireland.
- Decline in agricultural employment, lack of non-agricultural opportunities.
- Steep unemployment and poverty in Ireland contrasted with Britain offering steady work and higher pay.
- Irish emigrants frequently travelled to Britain throughout the 1950s.
- 50,000 emigration figures during worst years of the 1950s economic hardship.
Emigration
- Clan n' Poblachta attacked Fianna Fáil during 1948 election campaign.
- Weeks of assuming power, an Emigration Commission formed.
- Anxiety around female emigration and specifically young women leaving the country.
- Catholic Clergy concerned about the level of female emigration.
- Commission report (six years later) prompts questions around commission members emigration patterns.
Commission on Emigration
- Report noted no reduction in emigration was possible without concerted economic development policy
- All emigration not necessarily a bad thing; beneficial for those relocating for employment.
Protectionism
- Protected Irish industry during 1950s, unemployment still high.
- Average British worker earning more than his Irish counterpart spurred incentive for skilled and unskilled workers to seek employment opportunities in Britain.
- Post-war recoveries dominated by intensive industrialisation and strong export potential within most participating states in Western Europe (as compared to Ireland).
Economic Development
- Fianna Fail returned to power in 1957 and De Valera formed his last government following the 1957 election.
- TK Whittaker published a 1958 report on Economic Development; this report formed the basis for a White Paper outlining a First Economic Programme that then transitioned into its second version in 1963.
- Strong average annual growth rate of 4% during the first programme period.
Free Trade
- Economic policy shifted towards free trade.
- Resulting action by Lemass government (1960) declaring their support/commitment and resulting application to membership from Ireland of the GATT.
- 1973 formal entry to the Common Market after delay.
Social Change
- First television service began 1960-61 to expose population to liberalising European and American influences and aspects of popular culture.
- Exposure to Anglo-American culture (music, showband era, etc) increased due to TV.
- These influences challenged pre-existing cultural values leading to shifting fashion tastes and musical preferences.
Visit of JFK
- June 1963 first serving US President to visit Ireland following 1963 European tour;
- Visited Dublin, Wexford, Cork, Galway, and Limerick.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
