Chapter 10: APUSH

The practice of rewarding political supporters with government positions, regardless of their qualifications, often used by Andrew Jackson.

The informal group of advisors Andrew Jackson trusted, who were not formally appointed to cabinet positions but held significant influence on his decisions.

The belief that ordinary people should have more power in government and that the common man should be represented in politics. This was a central tenet of Andrew Jackson's presidency.

The 1830 act that allowed the U.S. government to forcibly relocate Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the East to territories in the West. This policy led to the tragic Trail of Tears.

The Supreme Court case that ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign nation and could not sue the state of Georgia. This decision paved the way for the forced removal of the Cherokee people.

This Supreme Court case reaffirmed the Cherokee nation's right to their land, arguing that the state of Georgia could not legally invade their territory. However, Jackson ignored this ruling and allowed the forced removal to proceed.

The forced relocation of Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee, from their lands in the East to territories in the West. This policy was characterized by significant suffering and loss of life.

A policy that favored the interests of the 'common man' over the elites, emphasizing equality and limited government. This policy was associated with Andrew Jackson's presidency.

A landmark Supreme Court case where the Court ruled that Georgia law was unconstitutional within Cherokee Nation territory. This decision affirmed the sovereignty of Native American tribes and highlighted tensions between federal and state power.

Andrew Jackson's famous statement in response to the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia. He showed his defiance of the Court's authority and his support for westward expansion.

The second Bank of the United States, a powerful financial institution that played a crucial role in the national economy during the early 1800s. It was a source of stable currency and a key lender to businesses, but it was criticized for its perceived monopoly and concentration of power in the hands of wealthy elites.

The president who actively opposed the Second Bank of the United States, seeing it as an institution that favored the wealthy and undermined the principles of democracy. Jackson's opposition led to the bank's eventual demise.

The president of the Second Bank of the United States, who fought tirelessly to renew the bank's charter and maintain its power. He clashed with Andrew Jackson's anti-bank agenda, ultimately leading to the bank's decline.

The process of withdrawing government funds from the Second Bank of the United States and depositing them into smaller, state-chartered banks. This strategy aimed to weaken the bank's power and influence, and ultimately led to its downfall.

The financial crisis that followed the demise of the Second Bank of the United States, marked by widespread bank failures, unemployment, and economic decline. The crisis was a result of unchecked speculation and the absence of a stable national currency.

The Secretary of the Treasury who agreed to Jackson's plan of withdrawing government funds from the Second Bank of the United States, effectively killing the bank. His decision was controversial, but it aligned with Jackson's anti-bank policies.

A controversial social incident that further strained relations between President Jackson and his Vice President John Calhoun. This event revolved around Peggy Eaton, the wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, and the social snub she received from the wives of other cabinet members.

The Vice President of the United States during Jackson's presidency, who clashed with Jackson on several issues, including the Peggy Eaton Affair and the theory of nullification. He later became a vocal advocate for the South and its interests.

The theory advanced by John Calhoun that claimed states had the right to nullify (cancel) federal laws they considered unconstitutional. This theory challenged national supremacy and threatened the Union.

A heated debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne on the nature of the Union and the balance of power between states and the federal government. This debate addressed the issue of nullification and its implications for national unity.

The famous quote by Daniel Webster in the Hayne-Webster Debate, expressing his belief in the indivisibility of the Union and the importance of liberty. This statement became a rallying cry for national unity.

Andrew Jackson's response to the threat of secession by South Carolina in 1832. He was willing to use military force to uphold the Union.

A religious revival that swept across the United States in the early 19th century, emphasizing personal experience and emotionalism in religious practice.

A philosophical movement that emphasized the inherent goodness of human nature and the importance of individual intuition and experience over tradition and authority.

A prominent Transcendentalist writer who stressed the importance of exploring the vast American landscape and embracing individualism.

A Transcendentalist writer who lived a simple life at Walden Pond, emphasizing self-reliance, living in harmony with nature, and civil disobedience against unjust laws.

A period of social reform that followed the Second Great Awakening, focused on improving conditions for the disadvantaged, including prisoners, the mentally ill, and women.

A social reformer who advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill and exposed the deplorable conditions in asylums.

A group of utopian communities that arose during the Second Great Awakening, emphasizing communal living, shared property, and spiritual experiences.

A religious sect that believed in communal living, celibacy, and equality of labor, often known for their craftsmanship and distinctive architecture.

A utopian community founded by John Humphrey Noyes, known for its radical practice of communal living and "complex marriage."

A utopian community in Massachusetts, which embraced transcendentalism and combined high thinking with plain living, but ultimately failed after a fire.

The idea that a well-informed and literate citizenry was essential for the success of a democracy.

The movement to create a system of public schools accessible to all children, promoted by educational reformer Horace Mann.

A widely used textbook that taught reading and writing in American schools during the 19th century.

Horace Mann's belief that education was key to social equality and opportunity, allowing people to overcome their circumstances.