Chapter 10: APUSH

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Questions and Answers

What system did Jackson implement to reward his supporters with government jobs?

Patronage System

Entitlement System

Spoils System (correct)

Merit System

Which of the following best characterizes Andrew Jackson's perspective on the role of the federal government?

He advocated for a balance between state and federal power.

He supported increasing federal taxes.

He believed in a strong centralized government.

He sought to diminish the federal government's role. (correct)

What was the primary purpose of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

To provide financial assistance to Native tribes.

To integrate Native Americans into white society.

To establish Native American reservations in the Eastern states.

To authorize the exchange of Native lands for territory in the West. (correct)

Which group took legal action in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia to protect their land rights?

Cherokee Nation Signup and view all the answers

What did Andrew Jackson believe about the power of the presidency during his time in office?

The presidency should be the center of government. Signup and view all the answers

How did Andrew Jackson's actions reflect the attitudes of many whites during the 1820s and 1830s toward Native Americans?

He believed in the necessity of their removal from lands desired by whites. Signup and view all the answers

What did John Marshall declare about the Cherokee's rights in the case of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?

The Court lacked jurisdiction to prevent their removal. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant outcomes of Jackson’s informal 'Kitchen Cabinet'?

It allowed Jackson's close friends more influence than official cabinet members. Signup and view all the answers

What was Andrew Jackson's response to the threat of South Carolina's secession?

He proposed a compromise tariff and sent troops to enforce it. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic was NOT emphasized during the Second Great Awakening?

Social hierarchy based on wealth Signup and view all the answers

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson promote through his writings?

Individualism and exploration Signup and view all the answers

Which reform movement did Dorothea Dix primarily focus on?

Humane treatment of the mentally ill Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Shakers and what did they believe?

A group emphasizing communal property and gender equality in labor. Signup and view all the answers

Which community is recognized as the most celebrated utopian community?

Brook Farm Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the establishment of public school systems in the early Republic?

Poor funding and insufficient resources for schools. Signup and view all the answers

What did Henry David Thoreau believe about unjust laws?

They should be broken if they require injustice. Signup and view all the answers

Which group was founded by John Humphrey Noyes and promoted 'complex marriage'?

The Oneida Community Signup and view all the answers

Which textbook became widely used to teach reading and writing in schools?

McGuffey's Reader Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the Second Great Awakening on American society?

Increased social reform movements. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a critical belief of Transcendentalism?

Personal intuition and spiritual insight are fundamental. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Second Great Awakening particularly appeal to?

Lonely frontier populations seeking community. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the public perception of prisons during the early reform movements?

Prisons were viewed as sites for punishment without reform. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Georgia Supreme Court determine about the Cherokee Nation in 1832?

They were a distinct political community. Signup and view all the answers

How did Andrew Jackson feel about the Second Bank of the United States?

He viewed it as a threat to democracy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the Panic of 1837?

Economic instability due to the withdrawal of funds. Signup and view all the answers

What was John Calhoun's position on nullification?

States had the right to override federal laws. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Hayne-Webster Debate?

Webster successfully argued against states’ rights and nullification. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of presidential power did Jackson increase during his term?

Executive decisions without consulting Congress. Signup and view all the answers

How did Jackson handle disputes with Calhoun during his presidency?

He removed all Calhoun supporters from the cabinet. Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Jackson take regarding the Second Bank of the United States?

He vetoed the renewal and withdrew funds. Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate outcome of Jackson's toast at the Jefferson Day Dinner?

It openly challenged the supporters of states' rights. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the Indian Removal Act supported by Jackson?

To promote economic development in the West. Signup and view all the answers

Who became the Vice President after Jackson replaced Calhoun?

Martin Van Buren. Signup and view all the answers

What did Jackson's opponents label the Second Bank of the United States?

A 'Monster' and a monopoly. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event highlighted the conflicts over states' rights during Jackson's presidency?

The Nullification Crisis. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Jackson fire two Secretaries of Treasury?

They refused to withdraw funds from the Bank. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Jacksonian Democracy (1828-1844)

Jackson, first president without Founding Father connections, was born west of the Appalachians to a working-class family.
He implemented a "Spoils System" rewarding supporters with government jobs, replacing many previous appointees with his allies.
Jackson formed an informal "Kitchen Cabinet," composed of close friends, who exerted more influence than his official cabinet.
Jackson's presidency was characterized by a belief in a powerful presidency despite not liking a powerful government.
He frequently vetoed bills, resisted state nullification, and disregarded Supreme Court rulings. He saw Native American removal as his duty.
Racism against Black and Native populations was prevalent in the 1820s and 1830s. Economic growth fueled slavery and westward expansion.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the president to displace Native Americans east of the Mississippi in exchange for western lands.

Native American Removal

Cherokees adopted aspects of white culture (constitution, written language, ownership of slaves) and had a treaty giving them land in Georgia.
Georgia, desiring western expansion for cotton production, sought to remove them.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832) ruled against Georgia, stating Cherokee land was protected from state interference; Jackson famously disregarded these rulings.
The Trail of Tears forced thousands of Natives west, resulting in numerous deaths.

Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the USA, successful under Nicholas Biddle, experienced significant westward criticism for perceived monopoly and undemocratic power.
Jackson vetoed a bill to recharter it, despite needing the support of the bank for the election.
Jackson successfully removed government funds from the Bank and deposited them into his "pet banks." This led to the Bank's demise and the Panic of 1837, an economic depression.

Political Tensions in Jackson's Presidency

Jackson's relationships with Calhoun (vice president) and other cabinet members were characterized by tension, particularly the "Peggy Eaton Affair", where a wife of a cabinet member was ostracized.
Calhoun's state, South Carolina, opposed the "Tariff of Abominations."
Calhoun advocated states' rights and nullification; a theory allowing states to reject federal law. He argued the Constitution was a pact between states.
Jackson asserted strong support of the Union in the Hayne-Webster debate, rejecting nullification. This led to Calhoun's removal from Jackson's cabinet.

Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival emphasizing salvation via free will.
Common people in the frontier eagerly responded to the powerful preachers and the emphasis on spiritual community.
Women heavily participated in religious revivals, playing a growing role in community life.
This movement influenced American Romanticism and Transcendentalism.

Romanticism and Transcendentalism

Romanticism held that reason and logic explained only a portion of reality.
Transcendentalism emphasized the inherent goodness of people and nature.
Transcendentalists, led by Emerson, advocated self-reliance and exploration of the nation's vastness.
Thoreau was an extreme example of this.

The Second Great Awakening spurred social reform movements.
Prison reform, emphasizing rehabilitation, mental-health reform, notably with Dorothea Dix, and the fight against slavery (abolition) were prominent themes.
Various utopian communities sprang up, including the Shakers and Oneida Community, reflecting a quest for ideal social systems.

Democratized Education

A well-informed citizenry was an important principle during the early Republic.
Public education, led by figures like Horace Mann, aimed for social stability and equal opportunity.
McGuffey's Readers played a key role in educating the population, especially those from rural areas.

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