Questions and Answers
What topics does the field of social psychology study at the interpersonal level?
Emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
What is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
Being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
Anna takes a ____ view of Bill.
situationist
____ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.
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What does Lee's interpretation of Kara's behavior exemplify?
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What is an example of interpersonal behavior?
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What are self-serving biases?
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What is groupthink?
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What does the Asch effect illustrate?
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What is the just world hypothesis?
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What is a social role?
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A ____ is the evaluation of or feeling towards a person, idea, or object that is typically positive or negative.
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What does the foot-in-the-door technique involve?
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Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?
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What are the three components of love according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
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What is the bystander effect?
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The ______ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.
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What does the term 'social loafing' refer to?
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What is cognitive dissonance?
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What is instrumental aggression?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology Overview
- Studies interactions at the interpersonal level, including emotions, attitudes, self-perception, and social cognition.
- Behavior results from both situational contexts and personal traits.
Behavior and Situations
- Situations can drastically influence behavior; for example, presence of bystanders can affect response during emergencies.
Attribution Theories
- Situationist View: Attributes behavior to situational factors (e.g., Anna perceiving Bill as rude due to environmental context).
- Dispositionism: Suggests behavior is shaped by internal traits.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to overemphasize personal traits while underestimating situational circumstances (Lee assuming Kara is bullying without considering her bad day).
Group Dynamics
- Social psychology encompasses both interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors, such as group processes.
- Groupthink: Occurs when individual opinions align with perceived group consensus, often modifying beliefs to fit in.
- Asch Effect: Demonstrates how group majority can sway an individual's judgment.
- Group Polarization: Strengthening of group attitudes following discussions.
Influences on Decision Making
- Informational Social Influence: Conformity based on belief that the group possesses accurate information.
- Normative Social Influence: Conformity driven by a desire to fit in socially.
- Central Route Persuasion: Logical, data-driven arguments aimed at convincing through facts.
- Peripheral Route Persuasion: Indirect strategies relying on associations, often through cues like celebrity endorsement.
Research Foundations
- Stanford Prison Experiment by Zimbardo: Illustrated how social roles heavily influence individual behavior.
- Milgram's Obedience Study: Explored how individuals obey authority even to the point of causing harm to others.
Attitudes and Beliefs
- Attitudes are evaluations towards people, ideas, or objects, which can be positive or negative.
- Just World Hypothesis: Belief that people get what they deserve in life.
- Self-Serving Bias: Tendency to attribute successes to oneself while blaming failures on external factors.
Love and Relationships
- Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love identifies intimacy, passion, and commitment as key components.
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Types of Love:
- Consummate: Combines intimacy, passion, and commitment.
- Romantic: High intimacy and passion, but low commitment.
- Empty: Commitment without passion or intimacy.
- Fatuous: Passion and commitment without intimacy.
Social Behavior and Influence
- Pro-Social Behavior: Actions intended to benefit others, such as helping a family member.
- Diffusion of Responsibility: Tendency for individuals in a group to feel less personal responsibility to act.
- Bystander Effect: Fewer people help a victim when others are present.
Prejudice and Stereotyping
- Prejudice and discrimination can be based on various factors, including race, gender, sexuality, and age.
- Stereotypes: Overgeneralized beliefs about particular groups.
- Scapegoating: Blaming a group for broader social issues.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Occurs when a person holds conflicting beliefs or behaviors, leading to discomfort that prompts a change in beliefs or actions.
Group Identification
- In-Group Bias: Preference for one's group over others, influencing social relationships and prejudices.
Social Exchange Theory
- Relationships are viewed through a cost-benefit analysis, where individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
Identity and Social Behaviour
- Group affiliations can shape identity and lead to social loafing, where individuals exert less effort in a group compared to working alone.
Strategies for Reducing Prejudice
- Encourage equal-status interactions and collaborative tasks among diverse groups to foster understanding and reduce biases.
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