Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the WID approach to gender development?
What is the primary focus of the WID approach to gender development?
Which approach to gender development emerged first and emphasized women's participation?
Which approach to gender development emerged first and emphasized women's participation?
What criticism is commonly associated with the WAD approach?
What criticism is commonly associated with the WAD approach?
The GAD approach emphasizes which of the following in its framework?
The GAD approach emphasizes which of the following in its framework?
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Which factor is NOT typically recognized by the GAD approach in relation to gender inequality?
Which factor is NOT typically recognized by the GAD approach in relation to gender inequality?
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What key aspect did the WID approach overlook in its analysis of women's roles?
What key aspect did the WID approach overlook in its analysis of women's roles?
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What is the primary goal of the GAD approach in addressing gender inequality?
What is the primary goal of the GAD approach in addressing gender inequality?
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What significant change does the GAD approach advocate for in terms of gender norms?
What significant change does the GAD approach advocate for in terms of gender norms?
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Which feminist approach emphasizes the removal of legal and institutional barriers to women’s education?
Which feminist approach emphasizes the removal of legal and institutional barriers to women’s education?
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What does the term 'substantive equality' from CEDAW refer to?
What does the term 'substantive equality' from CEDAW refer to?
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Which international conference led to the establishment of UNIFEM and the adoption of CEDAW?
Which international conference led to the establishment of UNIFEM and the adoption of CEDAW?
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Which framework acknowledges gender-based divisions in both productive and reproductive work?
Which framework acknowledges gender-based divisions in both productive and reproductive work?
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What primary problem does gender and development (GAD) focus on?
What primary problem does gender and development (GAD) focus on?
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What significant framework was established during the Beijing Conference in 1995?
What significant framework was established during the Beijing Conference in 1995?
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How many countries have ratified CEDAW?
How many countries have ratified CEDAW?
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What does the Vienna Declaration address specifically?
What does the Vienna Declaration address specifically?
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What central aspect does neoliberalism in feminist thought emphasize?
What central aspect does neoliberalism in feminist thought emphasize?
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Which problem is primarily associated with liberal feminism?
Which problem is primarily associated with liberal feminism?
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Study Notes
WID, WAD, and GAD Approaches to Gender Development
- WID (Women in Development) emerged in the 1970s. It focused on women's participation in development, emphasizing education and formal employment as key barriers.
- WID viewed women's productive work in isolation from their reproductive roles and responsibilities. Often overlooked unpaid care and household work.
- WAD (Women and Development) emerged in the 1980s, taking a broader perspective. It recognized the role of power relations in shaping women's lives.
- Emphasized women's empowerment by challenging gender norms and stereotypes.
- Recognized that women's productive work is often constrained by social and cultural norms.
- WAD aimed to integrate women's reproductive concerns into development planning.
- WAD viewed women as a homogenous group, sometimes overlooking diverse experiences.
- GAD (Gender and Development) emerged in the 1990s. It took an intersectional and transformative approach focusing on power dynamics between men and women.
- The approach recognized that gender relations are complex and shaped by various factors (class, race, ethnicity, sexuality, age).
- GAD emphasized challenging gender inequalities by promoting gender equality and empowering both men and women.
- It recognized the need to address structural barriers to gender equality and promote women's agency, voice, and participation.
Shift in Policy Approach Towards Women
- WID: Influenced by liberal feminism and neoliberalism, with a focus on integrating women into existing development structures (improving access), emphasizing women as productive members of society.
- WAD: Influenced by radical feminism and Marxism, acknowledging capitalist development processes' impact on gender inequality; integration of reproductive work into development.
- GAD: Influenced by postmodernism and postcolonialism, emphasizing the complexity of gender relations, rooted in social, economic, and political power.
Institutional Mechanisms for Gender Equality
- International Women's Year (1975) and UN Decade for Women (1976-1985) led to various conferences, creating frameworks for integrating gender concerns in policies.
- Key outcomes include:
- Establishment of UNIFEM, INSTRAW (UN Women 2010)
- Adoption of CEDAW
- Calls to collect disaggregated statistics on women
- Forward-looking strategies for the future, addressing specific issues.
CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
- CEDAW was adopted in 1979.
- Referred to as "women's bill of rights."
- Defines discrimination against women as any distinction, exclusion, or restriction made on the basis of sex impeding women's human rights and fundamental freedoms.
- A three-dimensional view of equality is promoted (substantive equality), going beyond formal and legal equality to achieve equality in results.
- Ratified by 187 countries.
Beijing Platform for Action
- The 1995 Beijing Conference established a comprehensive platform for action focused on twelve critical areas for women concerning poverty, health, education, VAW, armed conflict, economy, etc.
- The conference emphasized gender mainstreaming.
- Tools for gender mainstreaming (Gender-disaggregated statistics, gender assessment, and gender-responsive budgeting) were recognized as vital.
- The platform remains relevant, monitored every five years to adapt to ever-changing global agendas.
Analytical Frameworks
- Analytical frameworks provide structure for understanding the complex interactions between various entities contributing to gender inequality.
- Framework 1 highlights the interplay between households, markets, and institutions in determining gender outcomes.
- Framework 2 presents a socio-ecological model depicting the complex layers affecting gender issues, ranging from individual/community to societal policies (interactions between individual, relationships, and societal frameworks).
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