SDG_7

• The presentation discusses Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which focuses on clean and affordable energy.
• It delves into the status of SDG 7, actions being taken, renewable energy sources, and renewable energy storage solutions.
• The presentation content touches on the interlinkages between other sustainable development goals and goal 7, and also considers Thailand as a case study

Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

• Ensures access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
• Engineering innovations could help the goal come to fruition.
• SDG 7 is interlinked with other goals.

Interlinking of Goals

• SDG 7 connects to Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) regarding air quality.
• It also links to Goal 13 (Climate Action) concerning resilience and Goal 3 (Good health and well-being) related to illnesses from pollution
• SDG 7 is closely tied to the water-energy-food nexus with SDGs 2 (Zero Hunger) and 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).
• SDG 7 has links to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), which could facilitate implementation.
• 125 out of the 169 targets included in the SDGs are linked to affordable and clean energy.

SDG Goal 7 Status Report

• Globally, 9 out of 10 people have access to electricity.
• 87% of the 840 million people lacking electricity live in rural areas.
• On average, 2.3% less energy was needed each year to create $1 of economic output between 2010-2016.
• 17.5% of total final energy consumption comes from renewable energy.
• 3 billion people still lack clean cooking fuels and technologies.

SDG Goal 7 (2024)

• Goal: By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services.
• In 2015, 957.5 million people lacked access to electricity, which decreased to 685 million in 2022.
• In 2015, 2.7 billion people lacked access to clean cooking, which decreased to 2.1 billion in 2022.

Increasing Global Percentage of Renewable Energy

• Goal: By 2030, substantially increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
• In 2015, 16.7% of the total final energy consumption came from renewables, increasing to 18.7% in 2021.
• The 2030 target calls for an annual improvement in energy intensity of 2.6 percent
• In 2010 to 2019, global primary energy intensity improved from 5.6 to 4.7 megajoules per US dollar
• Eastern and Southeastern Asia have been successful with an average rate of 2.7 percent in 2010-2019, due to economic growth.

Promoting Access to Research, Technology, and Investments in Clean Energy

• Goal: Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology by 2030.
• International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy increased from $12.3 billion in 2015 to $15.4 billion in 2022.
• Installed renewable energy capacity in developing and developed countries increased from 250 watts per capita in 2015 to 424 watts per capita in 2022.
• Energy efficiency improvement target for global energy by 2030 is still possible but large investments on a systematic scale would be needed.

Thailand's Status: A Health Check

• Thailand has achieved 100% access to electricity (Target 7.1).
• Thailand has 85% access to clean cooking fuels and technologies (Target 7.1).
• Renewable energy (Target 7.2) needs improvement.
• Energy efficiency (Target 7.3) needs improvement.
• Thailand has 85.1% access to clean cooking fuels and technologies in 2024,
• Concentrated efforts are needed to jump-start access to clean cooking fuel technologies in least developed nations
• Over half of the people without access to clean cooking reside in Asia.

Thailand Energy use

• Negative values in capacity expansion electricity graphs indicate electricity exports exceeded imports most electricity exported from Laos which went to Thailand.

Target 7.1: Universal Access to Modern Energy

• Transitioning from solid fuels (like charcoal) to non-solid fuels (like biogas) is crucial
• The adoption of clean cooking into policy frameworks in Government’s energy policies and plans and incorporating cooking as a vital component of the energy sector is also crucial

Target 7.2: Increase Global Percentage of Renewable Energy

• Increase generating electricity in the country from renewable sources.
• Alternative Energy Development Plan is 30% for renewable energy, 15-20% for electricity and 20-25% transport fuels
• Biofuels and hydropower make up a large share of renewable energy in thailand.
• Expand solar through the development of floating solar PV farms
• Remap 2036 increased target for solar capacity in Thailand, to 17 GW
• Tariffs and producer appetite for growth need improvement for Solar rooftop energy, Biomass attractiveness
• Better development in various renewable resources through responsive policies with the benefit for the community
• Encourage communities to locally generate solar power through the Energy for All scheme , wind, waste.

Renewable Energy (RE)

• Renewable energy consists of energy derived from natural sources.
• Renewable energy sources include wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and hydro.
• Renewable energy sources are sustainable because they are inexhaustible.
• Sustainable energy source which can be relied on which is cost effective and efficient.
• Renewable energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels, generate 3x more jobs and now cheaper in most countries.

Target 7.3: Double the Improvement in Energy Efficiency

• The Energy Conservation Promotion Fund encourages energy conservation
• Energy labeling will come from the Energy Efficiency Labelling No.5 program, expanded the mandatory labelling for appliances
• Emissions based tax structure for motorcycle sales
• Reducing fossil fuel consumption
• Using smart environment and energy concepts to promote energy efficiency

Energy Efficiency

• Energy Conservation = Using less energy.
• Energy Efficiency = Using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function.

Energy-Efficient House Design

• Replace older appliances with ENERGY STAR-certified appliances.
• Install smart thermostats and energy-efficient windows.

Basics of Electricity Generation

• Electricity generation involves using a force (moving water, pressurized steam, forceful wind) to spin a turbine.
• A turbine spins a shaft connected to a generator, where magnets spinning past copper wire coils generate electricity.
• The electricity is then transmitted through a network system to homes, schools, and businesses.

Renewable Energy Potential

• Geothermal: > 4,000 MW
• Wind resource: > 76,600 MW
• Hydropower: > 10,000 MW
• Solar: > 5 kWh/m²/day
• Ocean: > 170,000 MW
• Biomass: > 500 MW (bagasse & rice hulls only)

Hydropower Energy

• Hydropower is the largest modern renewable source
• Hydro means water in Latin
• Hydropower involves water going into a Penstock Pipe at high speed through Intake Towers, and then to a turbine wheel
• The turbine wheel spins the rotor of the Generator and makes AC electricity, and then electricity goes to the electrical grid to be used for consumption.
• The global hydroelectric installed capacity exceeds 1,295GW, more than 18% of the world's total installed power generation capacity
• China has the biggest hydroelectric generation capacity in the world and hosts the world's largest hydropower plant.
• Negative implications of hydroelectricity = bio-diversity and human resettlement
• More hydro planned but significant proportion of electricity in Thailand is Natural gas +Coal

Solar Energy

• The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW, 1015) of incoming solar radiation at the upper atmosphere.
• Solar energy that reaches the surface is about twice of all non-renewable resources of fossil fuel.
• 30% of solar irradiation is reflected back to space and about 70% is captured on earth by oceans atmosphere etc
• Spectrum of solar light is mainly visible and near-infrared with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
• Thailand 2021 Thailand 2,702 megawatts solar energy

Solar Cell

• Solar cell photovoltaics directly convert solar energy into DC electricity and connected to form a photovoltaic module or solar panel.
• Photons from the sun goes into DC electricity, that is then converted to AC current for residential or commercial use.
• Semiconductors are in solar cell materials
• Conducting/electrical properties of semiconductors can be controlled by using elemental dopants like Silicon, Germanium and some compound semiconductors like SiGe etc
• High efficiency mono crystalline solar cells make it more expensive but high performance . Less efficient polycrystalline solar cells more affordable

Embodied Energy

• The energy required to manufacture a solar panel.
• In manufacturing: The process is energy-intensive: extraction and purification of silicon, the production of solar cells, and the assembly of panels.
• (EPBT): evaluate the time it takes for a solar panel to generate the amount of energy that was used to produce it.

Bioenergy

• Bioenergy consists of organic matter (excluding fossil fuels) that can potentially be used as fuel.
• Comprises fuelwood, charcoal, bagasse, ricehull, animal waste, and other agriwaste.
• Types of biomass fuel: Solid, Liquid and biogases such as biomethane.
• Biogases sustainable energy sources involve carbon capture , virtually carbon neutral, less affected by price influences + better use of waste wood
• Some types of biofuel source materials have high carbon emissions [1st generation] and other ones produce low emissions [2nd generation]
• Biorefinery process involves Pyrolysis, Gasification and Hydrothermal liquefaction

Types of Energy Storage

• Europe and China leading the world with New installation of pumped storage solutions (energy by water motion).
• Utilities scale storage better for solving capacity problems of alternative sources

Thermal Energy Storage

• Systems are in the form of Heat storage, Domestic hot water tanks
• Involves molten salt systems and underground Thermal energy storage to produce/store hear or electricity that is later harnessed for heating and residential needs

EV Battery innovation (Renewable energy transportation)

• Replace-ent of fossil fuel vehicles enables flexility in energy system.
• Recycling is of concern + materials.

Paris Agreement

• Agreement that towards cleaner, carbon neutral, renewable energy and a greener, habitable earth for generations to come.