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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of "port" and "seaport"?

A port or seaport is a place at which the transfer of cargo and passengers to and from waterways and shores occurs.

What is a "cargo port" and what is its role?

A cargo port handles only the transfer of cargo.

What is a "passenger port" and what is its role?

A passenger port handles only the transfer of passengers.

What is the difference between a "port", a "port authority" and a "terminal"?

<p>A port is a geographical area where ships are brought alongside land to load and discharge cargo. A port authority is a state or local government that owns, operates, or otherwise provides various maritime services. A terminal is a section of the port consisting of one or more berths devoted to a particular type of cargo handling; a terminal may also be a common user facility under the control of the port authority or third party. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is true regarding "Landlord Port" models?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is true regarding "Fully Privatized Port" models?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of "cargoes" handled by Cargo Ports, give examples.

<p>General cargo, containerized cargo, break-bulk cargo, bulk cargoes, Dry bulk cargo, and Liquid bulk cargo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three of the key functions of a "Port"?

<p>Nautical infrastructure (marine services), Quay and berth infrastructure (terminal services), and port superstructure (logistics and value-added services).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of "Green Ports"? Select all that apply.

<p>Reducing carbon footprint. (A), Utilizing renewable energy. (B), Adopting sustainable practices. (C), Promoting environmental protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of "port development"? Select all that apply.

<p>Dredging. (A), Land reclamation. (B), Construction of new quays and terminals. (C), Upgrading of existing facilities. (D), Development of new technologies. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three of the key "Challenges in port development"?

<p>The high cost of port development projects, the environmental impact of port development, and the need for coordination between different stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reasons for "Financing Port Development"?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the "Best Practices in Port Development"?

<p>Master Planning, Stakeholder Engagement, Technology Integration, Environmental Stewardship, Infrastructure Investment, and Safety and Security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a "Dry Port"?

<p>A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected to a seaport that serves as a center for transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the "Benefits of Dry Ports"?

<p>Increased trade flows, avoidance of clearing and forwarding fees at seaports, optimal use of rail and road transport, better utilization of capacity, and lower door-to-door freight rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the "Basic Functions of Dry Ports"?

<p>Receipt and dispatch of cargo, Truck operations, Loading/unloading of cargo, Customs clearance, Security, Storage of cargo and containers, Information flow and communication, and Record keeping and data storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key considerations when "locating Dry Ports"?

<p>Traffic flows between inland centers of production and consumption and the ports, modes of transport available and network capabilities, possible reduction in tons per kilometer with the introduction of dry port, the actual function of the dry port, transport infrastructures, and scope of future site development and expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

International Trade

The exchange of goods and services between countries.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other countries.

Economies of Scale

Producing goods in large quantities to reduce the cost per unit.

Import

Goods or services bought from another country.

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Export

Goods or services sold to another country.

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Port

A maritime facility for loading and unloading cargo and passengers.

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Cargo Port

A port that specifically handles the movement of goods.

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Passenger port

A port that primarily handles the movement of passengers.

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Container Port

A port specialized in handling containers.

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Breakbulk Port

A port dealing with cargo not in containers.

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Wharf

A platform extending from the shore for loading and unloading ships.

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Dock

A part of a port where ships are loaded or unloaded.

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Warehouse

Storage facilities for goods at a port.

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Maritime Transport

The movement of goods or people by sea.

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Logistics

The process of planning, organizing, and controlling the movement of goods.

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Distribution Center

A place where goods are sorted and sent to different locations.

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Economic Growth

Increase in a country's production and living standards.

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Economic Activities

The process of producing and exchanging goods and services.

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Trade

The exchange of goods and services between different regions

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Differences in Manufacturing Costs

One country producing a product cheaper than another

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Natural Resources

Raw materials found in nature.

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Study Notes

International Trade

  • Countries trade to acquire goods and services unavailable domestically, specializing in products where they have a comparative advantage.
  • Economies of scale are another motivator for trade.
  • Increased competition from imports leads to lower prices for consumers.
  • Trade fosters economic growth and development by creating jobs and boosting national economies.
  • Cultural understanding and cooperation are positive results of international trade.
  • Trade enables diversification of national economies and improves living standards.
  • Economic activity, rather than population or land area, drives the demand for imports and the supply of exports.

Port and Terminal Operations Management

  • Nigeria in 2018, with 923,768 square km and 200 million people, imported 43B and exported 62B.
  • Norway in 2016, with 385,207 square km and 5.2 million people, imported $87.4B and exported $117B.
  • Countries import products when they cannot produce them or produce insufficient quantities to meet local demand.
  • Another reason for imports is to obtain products more efficiently, at a lower price, with increased variety and better quality.
  • The U.S.A., a major oil producer, imports oil since the demand has outstripped the supply.
  • China, in 2003, imported 60 mt of steel items because of surges in local demand ahead of local production.

What is a Port?

  • A maritime facility to load and unload cargo and passengers from ships.
  • Usually located on coasts or navigable rivers.
  • Includes wharves, docks, and warehouses for storage.
  • Also has facilities for passengers (customs, immigration, checkpoints, terminals with waiting areas, shops and restaurants).
  • A port (or seaport) is a geographical area allowing transfer of cargo and passengers between waterways and shores to and from vessels.
  • A port can be designed for cargo only, passengers only, or a combination of both.

Cargo Ports

  • Port types are categorized by the type of cargo handled (e.g. container or breakbulk).
  • A port provides a transfer service, not a manufacturing product.
  • Throughput is a measure of the volume of cargo and passengers moving through the port.

What is a Port Authority?

  • A state, municipal, public or private body responsible for port construction, administration, and, sometimes, operation.
  • Some authorities may control several ports. 
  • They also own and/or manage port facilities and services.
  • Djibouti Port Authority, Doraleh Multipurpose Port(DMP), and Doraleh Container Terminal (DCT) are examples. Examples of ports with port authorities include ports in the UK, New Zealand, and Singapore which are the most prominent in larger and medium ports.

What is a Terminal?

  • A section of a port designed for a particular type of cargo handling, like oil and gas, coal, or containers.
  • Terminals frequently have primary operators, but can be owned by the Port Authority or a third party. 
  •  Examples include DP World's Doraleh Container Terminal and APM Terminals at the port of Rotterdam.

Cargo handled by cargo ports

  • General cargo, containerized, or break-bulk.
  • Bulk cargo, such as dry or liquid bulk.

Port Functions

  • Nautical operations, including harbor approach, mooring, and berthing, as well as vessel traffic management.
  • Supporting services for cargo handling (such as pilotage and towing).
  • Logistic operations—warehousing, sorting, shipping, distribution, and customs services.

Purpose of Ports

  • Provide a safe and secure environment for ships to berth.
  • Facilitate trade activities between traders and customers.
  • Contribute importantly to national trade economies and prosperity.
  • Optimized cargo handling involves substantial investments in shore-based infrastructure to support large ship capacities.

Importance of Ports

  • Act as vital centers for trade and interaction between countries.
  • A focal point for national transport infrastructure, connecting to road and rail systems.
  • Generate significant economic activity by attracting other businesses such as banks, agencies, and industries.

Port Administration Models

  • Service ports—publicly run, owning, maintaining, and operating all assets.
  • Tool ports—Port authorities offer structure and equipment, while other companies handle operations.
  • Landlord ports—Port authorities act only as landlords, while private companies manage infrastructure and operations.
  • Fully privatized ports—private companies own and operate all port infrastructure and operations.

Port Generation and Development

  • Stage 1 (Pre-1960s)—Ports were mainly cargo transfer locations.
  • Stage 2 (1960-1980)—Ports became transport hubs between industrial, commercial areas and customers.
  • Stage 3 (1980-1990s)—Internationalization, containerization, and intermodal transport.
  • Stage 4 (1990s onwards)—Port development focuses on global trade activities, with high capacity and automation.

Dry Ports

  • Inland locations connected to seaports by rail or road, functioning as centers for goods transshipment.
  • Dry ports offer improved trade flows, reduced costs (clearing and forwarding, storage, and late fees), and often better door-to-door transit rates.
  • Benefits extend to seaports involved in congestion reduction and increased predictability of arrival times.
  • Dry ports minimize the need for cargo storage in seaports thus leading to easier capacity management.

Dry port Operations

  • Receipt and dispatch of cargo.
  • Truck operations and handling.
  • Loading and unloading of goods.
  • Customs clearances.
  • Security monitoring.
  • Record Keeping and Data storage.
  • Cargo storage.

Dry Port Facilities (Minimum)

  • Customs control and clearance.
  • Temporary storage of imported/exported goods.
  • Equipment for handling containers.
  • Facilities for port operators.
  • Security and fencing systems.
  • Reliable communication systems.
  • Cargo freight staging areas (with stuffing and unstuffing services).

Dry Port Facilities (Comprehensive)

  • Cargo packing.
  • Consignment consolidation services.
  • Container cleaning services.
  • Computerized cargo handling and tracking.
  • Container repair.
  • Refrigerated storage for cargo.
  • Offices of shipping lines.

Dry Ports in Ethiopia

  • Dry ports offer services for import/export processing, customs clearance, and intermodal transport in landlocked areas.
  • Existing plans include those at Modjo, Woreta, and Moyale.
  • A significant number of dry ports in Ethiopia are planned under the GTP (Growth and Transformation Plan)

Key Components of Port Development

  • Infrastructure development (includes wharves, docks, and warehouses).
  • Technological advancements (automation, logistics).
  • Environmental considerations (sustainability).
  • Legal and regulatory frameworks (safety concerns).
  • Container shipping growth.
  • Megaships are getting larger and require enhanced infrastructure.
  • Increased import and export volumes.
  • Increased use of automation and technology.
  • Port optimization to improve environmental standards

Challenges in Port Development

  • High cost of development projects.
  • Environmental concerns.
  • Inter-stakeholder coordination.
  • Infrastructure congestion.
  • Labor and workforce challenges.
  • Security risks and considerations.

Financing Port Development

  • Public-private partnerships.
  • Government funds.
  • Private investment.

Best Practices in Port Development

  •  Master planning (for long-term strategy).
  • Stakeholder engagement (coordination among users and providers).
  • Integrating technology (e.g., IT and process automation).
  • Environmental sustainability (e.g., waste or energy optimization).
  • Investing in infrastructure (such as roads, rail, and ports).
  • Ensuring safety and security.
  • Green ports (sustainability).
  • Smart ports (technology applications).
  • Port-city integration and urban development.

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