IUPAC Nomenclature Rules for Organic Compounds

Study Notes

Carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon chain are numbered using natural numbers, starting from the end with the lowest number assigned to the carbon atom carrying the substituents.
Prefixes are used to indicate the total number of the same substituent in the organic compound, such as di, tri, etc.

Multiple substituents are arranged in alphabetical order of names in the IUPAC nomenclature.
When two differing substituent groups are present at the same position, they are named in ascending alphabetical order.
Complex substituents with branched structures are named as substituted alkyl groups, with the carbon attached to the substituent group numbered as one.
Branched and complex substituents are written in brackets in the IUPAC nomenclature.

The format of the IUPAC name of the compound is: Locant + Prefix + Root + Locant + Suffix
The root indicates the total number of carbon atoms present in the longest carbon chain, e.g., 'Meth' for a chain with 1 carbon atom and 'Pent' for a chain with 5 carbon atoms.
The suffix is usually a functional group belonging to the molecule, which follows the root of the name.

Qualitative analysis is a method to analyze the species present in a compound, focusing on finding the elements and ions present.
Quantitative analysis is a method to determine the number of elements or molecules produced during a chemical reaction.

Organic compounds comprise carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, and halogens.

Detection of C and H: heating the compound with CuO in a dry test tube, oxidizing C and H to CO2 and H2O, respectively.
Test for Phosphorus: heating the organic compound with an oxidizing agent, oxidizing phosphorus to phosphate, and then boiling with concentrated HNO3 and treating with ammonium molybdate.
Estimation of Sulphur: heating the compound with conc. HNO3 in the presence of BaCl2 solution in the Carius tube, oxidizing sulphur to H2SO4 and precipitating as BaSO4.
Estimation of Phosphorus: heating the compound with HNO3 in a Carius tube, oxidizing phosphorus to phosphoric acid, and then precipitating as ammonium phosphomolybdate.
Estimation of Nitrogen: Dumas method, heating the compound with CuO in an atmosphere of CO2, yielding free nitrogen along with CO2 and H2O.

Catenation: the self-linking of atoms of an element to form chains and rings, which can be extended to include the formation of layers and space lattices.
Tetravalency and small size: carbon exhibits tetravalency, forming bonds with carbon, hydrogen, or other atoms, with the ability to form single, double, and triple bonds.
Carbon can form double bonds by sharing four electrons with a neighboring carbon atom or triple bonds by sharing six electrons.
Carbon with three electron groups attached is trigonal planar, and carbon with two electron groups attached is linear.
Simple hydrocarbon compounds are nonpolar due to the shape and the small electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen atoms.