16 Questions
What impact did the Jacobin clubs have on Europe?
They paved the way for French armies to move into several European countries.
What did Napoleon do within the wide territory under his control?
Introduced many of the reforms already implemented in France.
What did the French armies begin to carry abroad with the outbreak of the revolutionary wars?
The idea of nationalism.
In what way did Napoleon's administrative reforms incorporate revolutionary principles?
To make the system more rational and efficient.
Who succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859?
Sardinia-Piedmont
In which year was Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of united Italy?
1861
What did the peasant masses in southern Italy believe 'La Talia' to be?
Victor Emmanuel's wife
In which year did the largest number of states join unified Italy?
1860
What was the major reason for the intense conflict in the Balkan area?
The influence of romantic nationalism
How did the Balkan peoples base their claims for independence or political rights?
Historical subjugation by foreign powers
What characterized the Balkan states' attitudes toward each other?
Fierce jealousy and rivalry
Why did the Ottoman Empire's European subject nationalities break away from its control?
Desire for independence and political rights
What was the main aim of the zollverein?
To bind the Germans economically into a nation
According to Friedrich List, what were the challenges with the previous customs barriers?
They involved time-consuming calculation due to different systems of weights and measures
What did the new commercial classes view as obstacles to economic exchange and growth?
Different systems of weights and measures in each German region
What economic measures were argued for by the new commercial classes?
Creation of a unified economic territory allowing unhindered movement of goods, people, and capital
Study Notes
French Revolution and Napoleon
- Jacobin clubs had a significant impact on Europe, spreading revolutionary ideas across the continent
- Napoleon, within his controlled territory, reorganized Europe, creating a network of vassal states and dependencies
- French armies carried the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity abroad during the revolutionary wars
Unification of Italy
- Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy in 1861
- The largest number of states joined unified Italy in 1861
- Peasant masses in southern Italy believed 'La Talia' to be a mythical, unified Italian nation
Balkan Politics
- The major reason for intense conflict in the Balkan area was the desire for independence and self-determination
- Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationalist ideologies
- Balkan states' attitudes toward each other were characterized by rivalry, mistrust, and hostility
- Ottoman Empire's European subject nationalities broke away from its control due to the desire for self-determination and nationalism
Economic Union of Germany
- The main aim of the Zollverein was to establish a customs union, promoting economic integration among German states
- Friedrich List argued that previous customs barriers challenged economic growth and hindered free trade
- New commercial classes viewed customs barriers as obstacles to economic exchange and growth, advocating for free trade and economic integration
- New commercial classes argued for economic measures such as the abolition of internal tariffs, promoting economic unity and growth
Test your knowledge of the Italian unification process led by Cavour, Garibaldi, and Victor Emmanuel II. Learn about the diplomatic efforts with France, the defeat of Austrian forces, and the march into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
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