Italian Courts and Credit Rating Agencies

What is the primary challenge faced by investors when trying to hold CRAs accountable for damages caused by their ratings?

The Court of Rome found that credit rating agency ratings should be considered binding recommendations.

What is the main argument presented in the Court of Catanzaro case regarding the relationship between the CRA and Lehman Brothers?

The emerging trend in holding CRAs accountable is shifting towards focusing on _________ or fraudulent conduct.

Match the Italian courts with their respective rulings on credit rating agencies:

The Italian case law on credit rating agencies (CRAs) is extensive and provides numerous examples of successful investor claims.

Which of the following is NOT a key challenge highlighted by the Italian Courts in establishing CRA liability?

What are the two major Italian court cases that exemplify the difficulties in establishing CRA liability?

Breaches of conduct in contracts, such as failing to provide accurate information, always void the contract under Italian law.

What is the primary limitation on the nullity of contracts due to breaches of conduct according to the Italian Civil Code Article 1418(1)?

Which of the following scenarios are examples of de facto contractual relationships, as described in the text?

What are the two primary categories of remedies available for breaches of conduct under Italian law?

The DCFR (Draft Common Frame of Reference) provides for an extended right of withdrawal for contracts where the consumer is at a significant information disadvantage, extending the withdrawal period up to ____ after the contract's conclusion.

The concept of de facto contractual relationships was first introduced in the Italian Civil Code of 1942.

Match the following scenarios with the relevant precontractual information duties outlined in the DCFR:

What is the primary reason for the ambiguity surrounding the term "de facto contractual relationship"?

The Italian Civil Code of 1942 replaced the unstable concepts of "quasi-contracts" and "quasi-delicts" with ______ which encompassed all other sources of obligations.

According to the DCFR, which of the following factors can contribute to a consumer being at a significant information disadvantage?

What is the primary legal framework that addresses precontractual information obligations and remedies for consumers in Europe?

Match the following concepts to their corresponding descriptions:

The DCFR stipulates that breaches of precontractual information duties always lead to the nullity of the relevant contract.

Which of the following are key characteristics of de facto contractual relationships?

The concept of de facto contractual relationships is a product of modern legal thinking.

How does the concept of de facto contractual relationships reflect the ideological climate of the time they emerged?

What are the key characteristics of penalties for breaching the CESL?

The CESL Proposal applies the same precontractual information requirements to both consumer contracts and contracts between traders.

What is the purpose of the safeguard clauses included in the CESL Proposal?

The CESL Proposal provides for ______ for damages in case of a breach of precontractual information obligations.

Match the following information requirements to the relevant Article of the CESL Proposal:

What specific information does the CESL Proposal require traders to disclose to consumers before concluding a distance or off-premises contract?

Which of the following factors have contributed to the transformation of the global economy in the information age?

The CESL Proposal specifies whether the liability for breaching precontractual information obligations is contractual or precontractual.

What can consumers do if they encounter missing or incorrect information before concluding a contract under the CESL?

CRAs (Credit Rating Agencies) are solely liable for investor losses caused by inaccurate ratings.

What is the primary role of CRAs in the information hierarchy?

The ______ revolution marked a shift from traditional, localized economic relationships to virtual interactions.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

The rapid expansion of the internet has had no impact on market competition.

What key advancements have revolutionized consumer and investor interactions in the digital age?

Which of the following is NOT a key advancement that has impacted the digital economy?

What is the key difference between "gentlemen's agreements" and "de facto contractual relations"?

The legal system's structure must be able to adapt to new social and economic needs.

What is the difference between an open system and a closed system in the context of legal adaptation?

The legal effects of de facto contractual relations should be considered based on their ______ nature.

Match the following agreements to their corresponding characteristics:

What is the difference between a positive obligation and a general duty?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a gentlemen's agreement?

De facto contractual relations are analyzed using an inductive approach.