IT & Security Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

A photographer needs to remove a small, unwanted object from an otherwise perfect landscape photo. Which image manipulation technique would be MOST suitable for this task?

  • Cropping
  • Applying Filters
  • Cloning (correct)
  • Color Balance

An organization implements a strategy to classify data and determine necessary safeguards. Which security method does this BEST describe?

  • Systems Advertising Platforms
  • End-User Education
  • Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
  • Operational Security (OPSEC) (correct)

A marketing team wants to create an infographic to present their company's annual sales data. Which guideline is MOST critical for ensuring the infographic effectively communicates the information?

  • Maintaining a clear and concise message focused on the main point. (correct)
  • Employing complex chart types to showcase the sophistication of the data.
  • Prioritizing aesthetic appeal over data accuracy.
  • Using a wide variety of fonts to maintain visual interest.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the PRIMARY goal of disaster recovery and business continuity planning?

<p>Restoring normal operational capacity after a significant data loss incident. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A web design company is tasked with creating a website for a client whose audience primarily uses mobile devices. Which web design approach would be MOST appropriate to ensure optimal user experience?

<p>Responsive Web Design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company wants to improve its overall cybersecurity posture. What initiative would MOST directly contribute to achieving this goal?

<p>Implementing a robust end-user education program. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A designer is creating an infographic about climate change. They have a lot of data to present, including temperature trends, sea level rise, and changes in species distribution. Which of the following is the MOST important consideration for effectively visualizing this data?

<p>Choosing chart types that accurately represent the data and highlight key trends. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A photographer wants to create a dramatic black and white portrait from a color photograph. Besides simply removing color, what other image manipulation techniques could enhance the final result?

<p>Adjusting brightness and contrast to create a wider tonal range. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Andreessen's definition, which of the following would NOT be considered a platform?

<p>A closed source appliance with no user programmable features (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the overarching goal of cybersecurity?

<p>To protect data in all its forms from theft and damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company experiences a data breach. Besides restoring data, what else should the disaster recovery and business continuity plan address?

<p>Returning to the same operational capacity as before the incident. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee receives an email asking for sensitive company data. Which aspect of cybersecurity education would MOST help them respond appropriately?

<p>Awareness of phishing techniques and reporting procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small business wants to improve data protection without hiring new staff. What is the MOST effective initial step they should take?

<p>Implementing a comprehensive end-user education program. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A server uses which mechanism to identify a returning user and provide them with personalized information?

<p>Unique Cookie ID (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is most crucial for maintaining a respectful online environment?

<p>Being mindful of your language and tone in online communications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST comprehensive security measure to protect your online accounts?

<p>Enabling multi-factor authentication on all accounts that offer it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'netiquette' in online communications?

<p>To promote polite and proper online behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cyber threat involves deceiving individuals into providing sensitive information through disguised communications?

<p>Phishing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are internet cookies primarily used by web servers?

<p>To identify a computer as it uses a network and improve the browsing experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In graphic design, what aspect does 'layout' primarily address?

<p>The arrangement of visual elements on a page. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is specifically aimed at correcting color imperfections to match real-world visual perception?

<p>Color Correction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cyber threat is characterized by encrypting a victim's data and demanding payment for its release?

<p>Ransomware (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Web 2.0 from its predecessor?

<p>Emphasizes user-generated content, usability, and interoperability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies an insider threat?

<p>A disgruntled employee using their authorized access to steal company data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A photographer wants to evoke a feeling of nostalgia in their images. Which post-processing technique would be MOST suitable?

<p>Applying a color grade with warm tones and reduced contrast. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of essential productivity applications, which tool is best suited for creating and managing complex data sets and performing calculations?

<p>Google Sheets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A graphic designer is creating a logo for a technology company. Which file format would be MOST suitable for ensuring scalability without loss of quality?

<p>Vector format (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of Web 2.0 that allows users to categorize and classify information using chosen keywords?

<p>Folksonomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the Internet most significantly transformed the way people conduct financial transactions?

<p>By enabling online banking and cashless transactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To remove a telephone pole from the background of a photo, which image editing technique is MOST directly applicable?

<p>Image Background Removal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following menu options would you use to access additional features and settings within an application?

<p>Menu Bar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST direct effect of 'user participation' as a key feature of Web 2.0?

<p>Users can contribute content through comments, reviews, and evaluations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a 'Man-in-the-Middle' cyber attack, what is the primary activity of the attacker?

<p>Intercepting communication between two parties without their knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Long Tail' concept refer to in the context of Web 2.0 services?

<p>Services that are offered on demand rather than as a one-time purchase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the internet’s first significant uses?

<p>Electronic mail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Web 1.0 primarily deliver content to users?

<p>By utilizing static pages served directly from the server's file system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is conducting research for a school project. How can the internet BEST assist in this process?

<p>By providing access to a vast amount of information and resources on various subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technological advancements is most closely associated with the shift from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0?

<p>Enhanced capabilities for users to generate and share content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What design element was commonly employed in Web 1.0 to structure and align items on a webpage?

<p>Tables and frames (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the internet facilitate improved communication?

<p>By enabling faster electronic communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Information Technology (IT) from Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)?

<p>IT primarily involves problem-solving through technology, while ICT emphasizes communication technologies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is developing a new website. They want users to be able to interact with each other, share content, and create profiles. Which web generation's principles should they follow?

<p>Web 2.0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental capability did the Internet introduce, transforming global communication?

<p>The capacity for people to communicate and share information across vast distances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small business wants to establish an online presence. Given limited resources and technical expertise, which approach aligns with Web 1.0 principles?

<p>Developing a static website with basic information about the business. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)?

<p>A group of researchers collaborating on a project using video conferencing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Information Technology

Using technology to solve problems.

Information and Communication Technologies

Communication using telecommunications (Internet, phones).

Internet

A global network connecting computers worldwide.

Entertainment (via ICT)

Experiment with movies, games, and music.

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Web 1.0

Allowed information display on websites, good for static pages.

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Web 1.0 Design Elements

Static pages, server file system, SSI/CGI, frames and tables.

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Web 2.0

Share info and communicate from anywhere.

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Web 1.0 Technologies

Suitable for personal websites

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World Wide Web (WWW)

A global website that emphasizes user-generated content, usability, and interoperability

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Participatory Web

A social network that encourages user participation and interaction.

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Folksonomy

Allows users to categorize and classify information using chosen keywords.

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Rich User Experience

Content is dynamic and changes based on user input.

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User Participation

Users can contribute their own content through comments, reviews, and evaluations.

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Long Tail

Services are offered on demand rather than as a one-time purchase.

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Online Banking

Securely transfer funds, change ATM PINs, and apply for credit cards online

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Online Research

Conducting investigations and studies on various topics through the internet.

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What defines a Platform?

Anything programmable qualifies; otherwise, it does not.

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Online Platform Examples

Social media, search engines, and communication services.

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Operational Security (OPSEC)

A security strategy classifying data to protect it from unauthorized access.

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Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity

Returning an organization to its pre-incident operational capacity.

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End-User Education

Enhancing employee understanding to protect data from threats.

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Cybersecurity Importance

Safeguarding data from theft and damage.

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Netiquette

Guidelines for polite and respectful online behavior.

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Image Manipulation

Altering an image through various techniques.

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Image Resizing

Changing the number of pixels, width, and height of an image.

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Responsive Web Design

Adapting website layout based on the user's device resolution.

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Infographics

Visual representations of data, combining visuals, text, and data.

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Visual Hierarchy

The order in which the eye perceives what it sees.

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Malware

Malicious software that gains unauthorized access or damages computer systems.

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Ransomware

Malware that locks files/systems and demands payment for their release.

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Phishing

Deceptive emails/messages that appear legitimate but seek sensitive info.

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Insider Threats

Current/former members abusing their access rights to information.

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Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

An attack where a cybercriminal intercepts communication between two parties.

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Internet Cookies

Small files used to identify your computer and improve browsing experience.

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Respect Privacy

Treat others with respect, especially regarding their personal information.

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Word Processing

Software used for creating and editing documents.

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Cookie (Data)

Data stored on your computer, created by a server to identify you during connections.

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Online Safety Tips

Ensuring a safe internet connection, strong passwords, multi-factor authentication, updated software, and verifying website reliability.

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Image (Data)

A binary representation of visual information.

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Layout (Graphics)

Design and arrangement of visual elements on a page.

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Image Background Removal

Eliminating or changing the backdrop of an image or video.

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Color Correction

Fixing the color properties to match real-world human vision accuracy.

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Color Grading

Setting the mood or ambiance of a piece through color manipulation.

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Study Notes

Information and Communication Technologies

  • Information technology uses technology to solve problems
  • Information and communication technologies allow communication with others using telecommunications like the Internet and cellular phones

Internet

  • The Internet is a vast network connecting computers worldwide
  • People can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection
  • The World Wide Web (WWW) is part of the Internet

Uses of the Internet

  • Securely transfer funds between accounts, change ATM pins, and apply for credit cards through online banking and cashless transactions
  • Research a subject in a few minutes
  • Internet's first significant use was electronic mail (email)
  • Email enables quick communication and easy sharing of information and data files
  • Social networking connects people worldwide
  • Individuals can share information, thoughts, and ideas

Entertainment

  • Entertainment options include watching movies, playing online games, and listening to music

Evolution of the Internet: WEB 1.0

  • WEB 1.0 allowed information to be displayed on websites
  • WEB 1.0 was suitable for personal websites
  • In WEB 1.0, users were charged based on the number of pages viewed
  • WEB 1.0 allowed users to search for information
  • WEB 1.0 design elements included static pages
  • WEB 1.0 design elements included the server file systems used to serve content
  • WEB 1.0 design elements included pages created with Server Side Includes (SSI) or Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
  • WEB 1.0 design elements included items on pages positioned and aligned using frames and tables

Evolution of the Internet: WEB 2.0

  • WEB 2.0 refers to global websites emphasizing user-generated content, usability, and interoperability
  • WEB 2.0 refers to a participatory social network
  • WEB 2.0 allows users to categorize and classify information using chosen keywords (folksonomy)
  • WEB 2.0 content is dynamic and responsive to user input, creating a rich user experience
  • WEB 2.0 allows user participation, enabling users to place content and offer comments, reviews, and evaluations
  • WEB 2.0 long tail services are offered on demand rather than as a one-time purchase
  • WEB 2.0 presents software as a service, where users subscribe only when needed rather than purchasing
  • WEB 2.0 promotes diverse information sharing through universal web access

Evolution of the Internet: WEB 3.0

  • WEB 3.0 evolves web use and transforms the Web into a database
  • WEB 3.0 refers to a number of distinct evolutions of web usage and interaction
  • In WEB 3.0, data is shared, not owned
  • WEB 3.0 is called the "Semantic Web," which aims to organize information logically
  • WEB 3.0 allows creation, sharing, and connection of content via search and analysis based on understanding the meaning of words (semantic web)
  • WEB 3.0 computers can distinguish data like humans, providing relevant and timely results (artificial intelligence)
  • WEB 3.0 uses 3-dimensional design in museum guides, computer games, ecommerce, etc (3D graphics)
  • WEB 3.0 connects information through semantic metadata, advancing user experience (connectivity)
  • WEB 3.0 allows multiple applications to access content, connecting every device and making services available anywhere (ubiquity)

Platform

  • Definition: "If you can program it, then it is a platform. If you cannot, then it is not." - Marc Andreessen
  • Online platform categories include:
    • Social Media
    • Search Engines
    • Communication Services
    • Service Payment
    • Systems Advertising Platforms
    • Creative Content Outlets

System

  • A system consist of principles of procedures according to which something is done in an organized scheme or method
  • Online system functions include storing, managing, using, and gathering data

Internet of Things (IoT)

  • IoT is the assemblage of physical objects with sensors and software enabling interaction with little human intervention by collecting and exchanging data via a network

Cybersecurity

  • Cybersecurity prevents harmful assaults on computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks, and data

Categories of Cybersecurity:

  • Network security prevents unwanted access, abuse, and theft of the underlying networking infrastructure
  • Application security protects against data or code theft/manipulation at the application level, covering security before and after deployment
  • Information security (InfoSec) safeguards critical business data against unauthorized access, abuse, interruption, and destruction
  • Operational security (OPSEC) classifies data to safeguard it, keeping it out of the wrong hands
  • Disaster recovery and business continuity handles how an organization responds to a cyber-security incident or event that causes loss of operations or data, to return to the same operating capacity as before an incident
  • End-user education increases employee awareness, providing them with knowledge and abilities to safeguard their own data and the firm's data from any incident or harm

Importance of Cybersecurity

  • Protects all aspects of data from theft and damage
  • A cybersecurity program is essential for a firm or organization to survive
  • Safeguards organizations and individuals against potential disasters from security breaches

Common Cyber Threats:

  • Malware is malicious software that provides unauthorized access or causes damage to computers
  • Ransomware locks down files, data, and systems, and threatens to destroy data unless a ransom is paid
  • Phishing includes online scams, emails, or text messages that appear legitimate but ask for sensitive information
  • Insider threats come from current or former members of an organization who abuse their access rights
  • Man-in-the-middle attacks involve a cybercriminal intercepting communications

Cookies (Internet Cookies)

  • Cookies are small files of information a web server generates and sends to a web browser
  • Cookies identify your computer as you use a network
  • Used to identify specific users and improve their web browsing experience
  • Data in a cookie is created by the server upon connection and labeled with a unique ID for your computer
  • When data is exchanged between computers and the network server, the server reads the ID and knows what information to specifically give you

Basic Online Safety Tips

  • Use a secure internet connection
  • Choose strong passwords
  • Enable multi-factor authentication
  • Keep software and operating systems updated
  • Check the website's reliability

Netiquette (Etiquette for the Internet)

  • A new term made up from the combined terms "Net" and "Etiquette"
  • Netiquette sets standards of behavior for polite and proper online conversation
  • Netiquette are suggestions rather than laws

Netiquette's Golden Rules

  • Respect people's privacy
  • Be mindful of your language
  • Don't be sarcastic
  • Choose emojis carefully
  • Respect others views

Computer Navigations

  • Basic review includes:
    • Windows / Tabs
    • Menu Bar
    • Navigation Button
    • Function Buttons
    • Dropdown Menu / Options
    • Hover Options
    • Sidebar / Toolbar
    • Workspace
    • Clickable Data

Essential Productivity Applications

  • Word Processing (Google Docs / Microsoft Word)
  • Spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel / Google Sheets)
  • Google Forms
  • Schedule Management (Google Calendar)
  • Community Profiling (Google Earth)

Imaging and Design for Online Environment

  • An image is a binary representation of visual information, i.e., drawings, pictures, graphs
  • Graphics refer to a design or visual image displayed on various surfaces
  • Layout is a part of graphic design concerning the arrangement of visual elements on a page
  • Image is a binary representation of visual information, i.e., drawings, pictures, graphs
  • Image background removal eliminates/alters the backdrop of an image or video

Color Correction & Grading

  • Color correction fixes the color properties of an image, so it looks the same as in the real world
  • Color grading sets the piece's mood or ambiance

Nine Image Manipulation Techniques:

  • Cropping
  • Color Balance
  • Brightness and Contrast
  • Compression and Resizing
  • Filters
  • Cloning
  • Changing the Background
  • Removing the Color
  • Combining Text, Graphics, and Image

Web Design

  • Web design refers to the overall design of a website
  • Web design concerns user experience more than software development
  • Website Design:
    • Adaptability to device resolution (responsive web design)
    • Adaptive web design is similar but tailors the information differently

Infographics

  • Infographics are visual representations of information, designed to make complex data accessible and engaging
  • Infographics combine visuals, text, and data, effectively communicating complex ideas ideal for simplifying heavy information

Rules of Infographics

  • Clear and Concise Message
    • Identify the Main Point
    • Keep it Simple
  • Prioritize Information (visual hierarchy)
  • Effective Use of Color
    • Color Psychology
    • Color Palette
  • Typography
    • Font Choice
    • Font Size and Style
  • Data Visualization
    • Choose the Right Chart Type
    • Data Accuracy
  • Maintain Consistency

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