IT Infrastructure and Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What does IT infrastructure primarily consist of?

  • Only software components for design purposes
  • Customer relationship management tools
  • Business analytics programs
  • A combination of physical devices and services (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of IT infrastructure?

  • Data services
  • Telecommunications services
  • Human resource management (correct)
  • Application software services

    • What is meant by a 'service platform' perspective in IT infrastructure?

  • Focus on reducing physical assets within the firm
  • Emphasizing the importance of physical facilities only
  • Viewing investments purely based on equipment costs
  • Gaining a better understanding of the value of IT investments (correct)

    • How does IT infrastructure relate to a firm's capabilities?

    <p>Capabilities are a direct function of IT infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identifying and describing stages of IT infrastructure evolution is part of which learning objective?

    <p>Identifying technology drivers of IT evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a Database Management System (DBMS)?

    <p>Separates logical and physical views of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the database approach address data inconsistency?

    <p>By controlling and centralizing redundant data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue arises from using subsets of a master file for different applications?

    <p>Increased data redundancy and inconsistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a DBMS play in relation to application programs?

    <p>It serves as an intermediary between applications and physical data files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does a centralized database provide for an organization?

    <p>Enables centralized management of data and data security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a database primarily composed of?

    <p>A group of related files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hierarchy does data follow in a computer system, starting from the smallest unit?

    <p>Bit, byte, field, record, file, database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with the traditional file environment?

    <p>Excessive flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does data inconsistency refer to in a traditional file environment?

    <p>Identical attributes having differing values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an attribute in the context of a record?

    <p>Each characteristic or quality describing an entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a traditional file processing system, which issue arises from program-data dependence?

    <p>Changes in program necessitate changes in the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data organization problem is characterized by duplicate data across multiple files?

    <p>Data redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hierarchy of data, what comes directly after a byte?

    <p>Field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of global network access in cloud computing?

    <p>Any computing device can access data and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an aspect of measured service in cloud computing?

    <p>Costs are based on actual computing capabilities used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in cloud computing?

    <p>Enables customers to process and store data and use networking resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cloud is typically used for sensitive financial and personal data?

    <p>Private cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a hybrid cloud?

    <p>Essential core activities are stored on company infrastructure while using the cloud for additional resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Platform as a Service (PaaS)?

    <p>To enable users to develop and test applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of public clouds?

    <p>They are owned and operated by external service providers and accessible via the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rapid elasticity in cloud computing refer to?

    <p>The automatic expansion and contraction of resources to meet user demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary key in a relational database?

    <p>A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation is used to combine relational tables in a relational DBMS?

    <p>JOIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SELECT operation do in a relational database?

    <p>Creates a subset of data based on certain criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a relational database, what is a foreign key?

    <p>A key that connects a record to another table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a field in the context of relational databases?

    <p>The smallest unit of data within a table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about relational database tables is true?

    <p>Each table must represent data for a single entity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PROJECT operation accomplish in a relational DBMS?

    <p>Creates a subset of columns in a table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute is a key field used to uniquely identify records in a database?

    <p>Primary Key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IT Infrastructure

    • IT infrastructure is the set of physical devices and software required for a business to operate.
    • IT infrastructure includes both physical and digital components, like computing platforms, telecommunications services, data services, application software services, physical facilities services, and more.

    IT Infrastructure Evolution

    • IT infrastructure has evolved through several stages driven by technology advancements.
    • Cloud Computing is becoming the dominant hardware platform.
    • Cloud Computing allows access to computing resources through the internet, rather than having them physically present on a local device.
    • Cloud Computing offers three main services:
      • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides computing resources like servers and storage.
      • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Provides development tools and runtime environments for software.
      • Software as a Service (SaaS): Provides software applications over the internet.

    Cloud Computing Types

    • Public Cloud: Owned and operated by external service providers, accessible to anyone, commonly used for non-sensitive data.
    • Private Cloud: Owned and operated by a specific company, accessible only to internal users, typically used for sensitive data.
    • Hybrid Cloud: Combines both public and private cloud elements, offering flexibility and security.

    Data Organization in a Traditional File Environment

    • A database is a collection of related files.
    • A file contains records of the same type.
    • A record represents an entity (person, place, thing) and contains related fields.
    • Each field represents an attribute or quality of the entity.

    Problems with Traditional File Environment

    • Data Redundancy: Duplicate data present in multiple files.
    • Data Inconsistency: Discrepancies in the values of the same attribute across different files.
    • Program-Data Dependence: Changes in software require changes to the data it accesses.
    • Lack of Flexibility: Difficulty adapting to changing data needs.
    • Poor Security: Vulnerability to unauthorized access and modification.
    • Lack of Data Sharing and Availability: Difficult to share data across departments.

    The Database Approach

    • A database system provides a centralized approach to data management, reducing redundancy and inconsistency.
    • Database Management System (DBMS) acts as an interface between applications and physical data files.

    Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

    • RDBMS organizes data in two-dimensional tables.
    • Each table represents an entity and its attributes.
    • Rows in a table represent individual records.
    • Columns represent attributes of the entity.
    • Key Field is used to uniquely identify each record, primary key is the key field used for referencing records from other tables.

    RDBMS Operations

    • SELECT: Extracts a subset of records based on specified criteria.
    • JOIN: Combines data from multiple tables to provide comprehensive information.
    • PROJECT: Creates a subset of columns from a table, providing a focused view of the data.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential components of IT infrastructure, highlighting its evolution and contemporary trends such as cloud computing. You'll learn about the different services offered under cloud computing, including IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to modern business operations.

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