IT Compliance and Open Source Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one reason individuals or firms create open source code despite not receiving direct payment?

  • To earn respect for solving a common problem elegantly (correct)
  • To ensure exclusive ownership of the software developed
  • To restrict access to their code for potential collaborators
  • To avoid any form of public recognition

How does competitive intelligence differ from industrial espionage?

  • Competitive intelligence focuses only on local businesses, whereas industrial espionage targets international firms
  • Competitive intelligence involves ethical methods, while industrial espionage uses illegal means (correct)
  • Competitive intelligence is obtained through public information, while industrial espionage uses confidential data
  • Competitive intelligence is illegal, while industrial espionage is legal

Which of the following is a tool for obtaining competitive intelligence data?

  • AutoCAD
  • Microsoft Word
  • Rapportive (correct)
  • Adobe Illustrator

What is a primary purpose of developing open source code for a firm?

<p>To earn maintenance fees from users for future software updates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is trademark infringement associated with?

<p>Conflicting designs, logos, or phrases that mislead consumers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of a firewall in an organization?

<p>To act as the first line of defense against unauthorized access (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes compliance in the context of IT users?

<p>Adhering to established policies and guidelines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to limit data access to employees?

<p>To ensure only responsible individuals handle sensitive data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the National Archives of the Philippines (NAP) play in records management?

<p>It sets guidelines for electronic records management systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a firewall deter unauthorized web surfing?

<p>By blocking access to specific objectionable websites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect do local standards, such as those set by NAP, typically ensure in records management software?

<p>That software complies with laws on records retention and data security (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must organizations do with commercial software to ensure compliance?

<p>Adhere to the vendor’s licensing agreement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key federal laws that impacts online freedom of expression?

<p>The Communications Decency Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following speech types is NOT protected by the First Amendment?

<p>Obscene Speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'defamation' encompass?

<p>False statements that can harm someone's reputation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ethical decisions about freedom of expression often relate to?

<p>Balancing freedom with responsible communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the internet challenge traditional concepts of freedom of expression?

<p>Through anonymity and global outreach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following establishes the right to freedom of expression in the United States?

<p>The First Amendment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines 'obscenity' in a legal context?

<p>Statements that offend prevailing societal morals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must individuals be cautious about when expressing opinions online?

<p>Potentially facing defamation charges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does broad accessibility of the internet have on communication?

<p>It fosters open discussions and idea exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one purpose of the Communications Decency Act (CDA)?

<p>To protect children from online pornography. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of internet censorship employed by governments?

<p>Imposing search engine restrictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP) commonly target?

<p>Citizens opposing matters of public interest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is anonymity on the internet particularly important in certain countries?

<p>Because it allows individuals to express dissenting opinions without repercussions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an internet filter?

<p>To block inappropriate websites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger a John Doe lawsuit?

<p>Anonymous users spreading misinformation online. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a tactic used in internet censorship?

<p>Tracking online activities of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a risk of anonymous expression on the internet?

<p>Doxing, which reveals private information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible government action involved in internet control?

<p>Limiting access to websites based on content restrictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do businesses monitor online expressions from employees?

<p>To maintain their public reputation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes hate speech that can be prosecuted under the law?

<p>Malicious harassment aimed at a specific person (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes sexting?

<p>Sharing explicitly sexual messages or photos (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern of parents regarding online pornography?

<p>Children might be exposed to it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of content associated with fake news?

<p>Academic journals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does intellectual property refer to?

<p>Works of the mind that can be owned or created by individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of using copyright laws to protect intellectual property?

<p>It does not cover ideas or concepts, only expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors could be considered in determining fair use of copyrighted material?

<p>The purpose and character of the use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding threats made on the Internet?

<p>They may constitute hate speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common belief among free-speech advocates regarding adult pornography?

<p>There is nothing illegal about it if consensual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action can be classified as malicious harassment under hate speech laws?

<p>Sending threatening messages via email (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Data Access Control

Restricting data access to only authorized employees.

Corporate Firewall

Hardware or software that protects a company's network from outside threats.

Firewall Configuration

Adjusting firewall settings to control internet access.

Compliance

Following established rules, policies, and legal requirements.

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Records Management Software

Software tools for storing and managing organization records.

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Electronic Records Management Systems (ERMS)

Systems for managing electronic records in government agencies.

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Vendor Licensing Agreements

Contracts outlining the terms and conditions for using commercial software.

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Communications Decency Act (CDA)

A US law aimed at protecting children from online pornography by making it illegal to transmit "indecent" material online.

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Internet Filter

Software that blocks access to specific websites considered inappropriate or offensive.

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Internet Censorship

The act of controlling or suppressing access to information online.

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Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP)

A lawsuit filed against individuals or groups opposing a corporation or official on a matter of public interest, often to intimidate and silence them.

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Anonymity on the Internet

The ability to express opinions online without revealing one's identity.

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Doxing

Finding and publicly revealing someone's private information online.

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John Doe Lawsuit

A lawsuit filed against an anonymous defendant whose identity is unknown, often used to address online defamation or harmful information.

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Upstream Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Companies that provide internet access to consumers and businesses. Governments may pressure these companies to limit access to certain websites.

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Open Source Code

Software code freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute.

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Competitive Intelligence

Gathering legally obtained information to gain an advantage over rivals.

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Rapportive

Software providing rich contact profiles within your email or browser.

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Crunchbase

A free database with information on technology companies, people, and investors.

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Trademark

A logo, design, phrase, sound, or word that distinguishes a company's products.

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Intellectual Property

Works of the mind like art, books, inventions, and music owned or created by a single person or group.

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Copyright

A legal right that grants the creator of original works of authorship exclusive rights to use, distribute, and reproduce the work.

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Patent

A legal right granted to an inventor for a new invention, allowing them to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention.

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Trade Secret

Confidential information that gives a business a competitive advantage.

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Fair Use

A legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder.

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Factors of Fair Use

Purpose and character of use, Nature of copyrighted work, Amount used, Effect on market value.

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Protecting Intellectual Property

Using copyright, patent, or trade secret laws to safeguard creations from infringement.

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Strength of IP Protections

Copyright, patent, and trade secrets have varying levels of protection and limitations.

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Limitations of IP Laws

IP laws don't protect everything and may have limitations.

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Benefits of IP Protection

Allows creators to control how their work is used, potentially generating income and recognition.

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Freedom of Expression

The right to communicate ideas and opinions without censorship or restriction.

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Obscene Speech

Speech that is considered offensive or indecent according to prevailing community standards.

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Defamation

False statements that harm a person's reputation.

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Slander

Spoken defamation.

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Libel

Written or published defamation.

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First Amendment Rights

Constitutional guarantees protecting fundamental rights, including freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press.

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Internet Challenges for Freedom of Expression

The online world presents new difficulties in protecting freedom of speech, such as anonymity, content moderation, and global reach.

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Ethical Decisions in Online Communication

The need to make responsible choices about how to use the freedom and power of the Internet.

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Impact of Federal Laws on Online Freedom

Federal laws like the Communications Decency Act influence how organizations operate and protect online expression.

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Study Notes

Social and Professional Issues

  • Module 1 is about Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users

  • Module 1, Subtopic 1 is about IT Worker Relationships That Must Be Managed

  • IT workers have relationships with: Society, Employers, Clients, Suppliers, and Other Professionals

  • IT workers are not legally recognized as professionals in all jurisdictions

  • IT workers are not liable for malpractice because they do not meet the legal definition of a professional

  • IT workers should set an example and follow policies regarding ethical use of IT.

  • Areas of concern for ethics are software piracy, trade secrets, whistle-blowing

  • Module 1, Intended Learning Outcomes: Distinguish a professional from other kinds of workers, Discuss importance of communication in the workplace, Explain codes of ethics, professional organizations, certification, and licensing affect ethical behavior of IT professionals

  • Module 1, Subtopic 1: (Detailed overview, but not listed)

  • Module 1 contains various examples of IT worker professionals

  • Module 1 discusses legal and professional perspectives

  • Module 2 is about Freedom of Expression

  • Module 2, Intended Learning Outcomes: Know legal basis for freedom of speech, Discuss key federal laws affecting online freedom of expression, Know how Internet presents new challenges in freedom of expression, Understand issues related to use of information technology.

  • First Amendment rights: freedom of religion, expression, and assembly (important for free people everywhere)

  • The Internet enables worldwide exchange of news, ideas, opinions, rumors, and information

  • Obscene speech may not be protected by the First Amendment.

  • Defamation, including slander and libel, is not protected by the First Amendment.

  • Key issues for freedom of expression: controlling access to information, internet censorship, strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP), anonymity, John Doe lawsuits, hate speech, pornography, and fake news.

  • Module 3 is about Intellectual Property

  • Module 3, Subtopic 1 is about Intellectual Property

  • Discusses copyright, patent, trade secret laws

  • Protecting intellectual property is crucial for an organization's success

  • The main parts of codes of ethics created by professional organizations include aspirations and rules/principles expected of members.

  • Copyright protects creative work (film, music, etc.)

  • Module 3, Subtopic 2 is about Current Intellectual Property Issues

  • Includes plagiarism, reverse engineering, open source code, competitive intelligence, and trademark infringement.

  • Plagiarism is stealing someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own

  • Reverse engineering is the process of deconstructing something to understand how it works or improve it.

  • Open source code is freely available code, frequently and widely used

  • Competitive intelligence is legally obtaining information to gain an advantage over rivals.

  • A trademark is a recognizable symbol for a business' goods or services

  • Cybersquatting is wrongly registering domain names for popular products to sell later.

  • Module 4 is about Privacy

  • Module 4, Subtopic 1 is about Privacy Protection and the Law

  • Privacy, anonymity, violations of privacy

  • How personal information gets revealed through technology.

  • Ways to protect privacy: technology (spam filters), markets (choosing email providers), choosing not to open emails with unpleasant or unfamiliar headers.

  • Different types of privacy harm: information collection, processing, intrusions, information dissemination.

  • The use of information technology needs to balance the needs of users of the information with the rights and desires of the people whose information is being used

  • The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

  • Systems that gather data: automatic license plate readers, computer scanning systems, cookies, drones, etc.

  • Module 5 is about Cyberattacks and Cybersecurity

  • Module 5, Subtopic 1 is about The Threat Landscape

  • Important to protect business data, customer data, and employee information.

  • Cyber-crime is an activity done using computers and the internet to achieve harmful results, especially criminal ones.

  • Cyber security involves technologies and processes to prevent unauthorized access.

  • Categories of cyber-crime: the computer as a target, the computer as a weapon

  • Exploits: ransomware, viruses (code), worms (self-replicating), trojan horses (hidden malicious code), blended threats, email spam, phishing, spear phishing, smishing, vishing, cyberespionage, cyberterrorism.

  • Challenges to prevent computer attacks: increasing complexity of cyber systems, bringing your own device (BYOD), growing reliance on commercial software with known vulnerabilities

  • Increasing sophistication of individuals seeking to cause harm.

  • Types of individuals behind cyber attacks: Black hat hackers, Crackers, Malicious insiders, Industrial Spies, Cybercriminals, Hacktivists, Cyberterrorists.

  • Module 6 is about Risk and Responsibility

  • Module 6, Subtopic 1 is about Computer Liability

  • Hardware reliability-fails due to physical deterioration, follows bathtub curve: burn-in period, useful life, wear-out period

  • Reliability measures (time of failure, interval between, cumulative, in time intervals)

  • Computer liability-barriers to digital communication: physical, emotional, identity, semantic, accessibility, attention, credibility

  • Strategies for keeping computer files safe: Regularly backing up, using external drives, storing in the cloud, controlling and encrypting files.

  • Analysis of factors affecting failures of critical computer systems and why problems arise-how to improve systems

  • Key areas for improving design: solid requirements, realistic schedules, adequate testing, sticking to basic requirements, communication, and roles in the design process

  • What do computer scientists do: develop new algorithms, languages, methods for working with computers, test systems and design, build models/theories, present findings to public, improve hardware/software performance

  • Module 7 is about Ethical Decisions in Software Development

  • Module 7, Subtopic 1 is about Software Quality

  • High-quality software is needed in the business system

  • Software defects (errors) affect the quality of the system.

  • Quality management and principles to ensure high-quality software

  • Different types of software product liability, including negligence and breach of warranty.

  • Module 8 is about the Impact of Information Technology on Productivity and Quality of Life

  • Labor productivity-a measure of economic performance comparing amount of goods and services produced to labor hours.

  • Additional factors affecting productivity: business cycle (expansion/contraction), outsourcing, regulations (hiring, firing, etc.)

  • The use of IT in the business world and effect on standards of living and business productivity

  • Impact of IT use on health care costs

  • IT components in the healthcare industry: Computerized patient records, Clinical decision support, Computerized provider order entry, and Telehealth

  • Module 9 is about Social Media

  • Discusses the importance of social networking sites

  • Includes common features and popularity of platforms.

  • Social media as an application for business operations

  • Social Media Marketing-raising awareness, getting customers, driving traffic to the site, using ads and reviews to market

  • Social Media in the hiring process to research candidates

  • Improving customer service using social media

  • Social shopping platforms

  • Social media ethical issues, including: Cyber abuse, Cyber harassment, and Cyberstalking. Strategies to avoid such behavior and dangers on social media sites like warnings to friends or not revealing personal information

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