IT 110 Lecture Notes: Systems and Counting
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of control signals in a computer system?

  • To select operations and control data flow (correct)
  • To enhance graphics processing performance
  • To increase network connectivity
  • To manage data storage capacity

    • What happens when new instructions are added to a microprogram?

  • The component communication speed is reduced
  • The bus access is restricted
  • The control unit's microprogram is modified (correct)
  • The data storage architecture is upgraded

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of control signals?

  • Selecting operations
  • Transmitting data over the network (correct)
  • Controlling access to memory
  • Allowing data flow between components

    • How do control signals affect the bus in a computer system?

    <p>They manage which components can access the bus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modifying the microprogram in the control unit is necessary when:

    <p>New instructions are added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can memory bandwidth be increased?

    <p>By using wider buses between CPU and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical amount of data requested from memory at a time?

    <p>4, 8, or 16 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is similar between pipelining and memory bandwidth increase?

    <p>They both improve data processing speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does increasing memory bandwidth NOT do?

    <p>Decrease the size of a memory request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary component for increasing memory bandwidth?

    <p>A wider bus between CPU and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of CISC architecture related to instruction execution?

    <p>More time is required to execute instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a large number of transistors in a CPU affect the price?

    <p>It increases the CPU price due to higher complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of CISC architecture?

    <p>Hardware complexity is minimized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of individual instructions being any length in a CISC architecture?

    <p>More clock cycles may be needed for execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a downside of CISC architectures?

    <p>Instruction execution time can increase due to complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a 0-address machine?

    <p>All operands for binary operations are accessed from the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the operation of 0-address machines?

    <p>They perform operations using only the topmost values of the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do 0-address machines differ from 1-address machines?

    <p>1-address machines explicitly specify one operand while the other is implicit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of 0-address machines compared to those with more address lines?

    <p>Potential inefficiency in certain types of operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT characteristic of 0-address machines?

    <p>They can handle complex data types natively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if an overflow occurs when adding two bits?

    <p>Ignore the overflow and truncate the result.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the most significant bit of the result is '1', what does this indicate?

    <p>The result is in negative format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process should be followed to reverse the negative format in the result?

    <p>Invert every digit after the first '1' from right to left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a step to take when adding two bits?

    <p>Change the result immediately if no overflow occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bit is considered the most significant when determining the sign of the result?

    <p>The eighth bit (8th bit).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of programming languages in relation to computers?

    <p>They provide a means to write instructions that get translated into machine code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about non-machine code is correct?

    <p>Non-machine code must go through a translation phase into machine code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the relationship between various programming languages and machine code?

    <p>Regardless of the language, machine code remains the only code that computers can process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of programming languages compared to machine code?

    <p>Programming languages are more user-friendly for humans than machine code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is translation from non-machine code to machine code necessary?

    <p>Non-machine code often contains human-readable instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IT 110 Lecture Notes

    • Lecture 1: Introduction and Components

      • A system is a collection of components linked together to be recognized as a single unit.
      • Architecture describes the fundamental properties and relationships among components and the system's environment.
      • Information systems (IS) are made up of hardware, software, data, people, and networks. Each component can itself be a system within its own architecture.
      • Hardware abstraction in programming languages involves input/output, arithmetic, logic, assignment, selection, conditional branching, looping, and unconditional branching.

    • Lecture 2: Counting Systems

      • Base 10: Uses ten digits (0-9) and powers of ten for positional notation in numbers.
      • Base 2: Uses two digits (0-1) and powers of two for positional notation.
      • Leading zeros are insignificant but can indicate the number of bits.
      • Conversion between base 10 and base 2 uses repeated division with remainders or repeated multiplication and addition.

    • Lecture 3: Signed Integer Representations

      • Signed Magnitude: The most significant bit indicates the sign (0 for positive, 1 for negative). The remaining bits represent the magnitude.
      • 1's Complement: To find the 1's complement of a number, flip all the bits.
      • 2's Complement: To find the 2's complement of a number, find the 1's complement and then add 1. Note: The most significant bit (MSB) represents the sign.

    • Lecture 4: Little Man Computer and Instruction Cycle

      • The Little Man Computer (LMC) is a simplified model of a computer.
      • Mnemonic codes (e.g., LDA, STO, ADD, SUB, IN, OUT, HLT, BRP, BRZ, BR, DAT) represent instructions in the LMC.
      • Each instruction has a specific code and description related to the LMC functionality.

    • Lecture 5: Assembly Language

      • Programming languages are categorized into generations based on their level of abstraction.
      • First-generation is binary, using wires or switches
      • Second-generation is assembly language, which is readable by humans and translated to machine-executable code.
      • Third and fourth generations involve higher-level abstractions (e.g. natural languages).
      • Regardless of language, computers only process machine code. Translation steps occur to convert any non-machine code to machine code (e.g. compilers, assemblers).

    • Lecture 6: Fetch/Execute Cycle

      • The fetch/execute cycle describes how instructions are executed by a CPU.
      • Control signals manage the order of operations, register loading, etc.
      • Components involved in the cycle include the PC (program counter), IR (instruction register), MAR (memory address register), MDR (memory data register), ALU (arithmetic logic unit).

    • Lecture 7: Instruction Set Architectures

      • Instruction Set Architectures (ISA) control the format of and determine the assembly language of instructions and have varying operand counts from 0 to 3. (e.g., 0-address, 1-address, 2-address, and 3-address machines)
      • Machine code implementations vary due in part to the number of explicit operands in the instructions (i.e. parameters in the instructions.)
      • Stack-based machines require no explicit address operands in their instructions.

    • Lecture 8: RISC vs. CISC

      • Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
        • Include many complex instructions, maximizing code density in memory.
        • Compiler design is simplified, but instructions are typically multi-clock cycle and include many operations per instruction.
      • Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
        • Use a small set of simple instructions, that execute within one clock cycle
        • Compiler work is increased, but CPU clock cycle complexity is decreased.

    • Lecture 9: CPU Performance Enhancements

      • General enhancements, such as using fixed-length instructions and more general-purpose registers can be used to improve CPU performance.
      • Instructions are fetched, decoded and then executed through various stages, allowing multiple instructions to be handled simultaneously.

    • Lecture 10: Memory Performance Enhancements

      • Approaches to enhance memory performance include wide path memory access, memory interleaving, and cache memory.
      • Wide path memory access widens the data path to increase the amount of data exchanged at one time..
      • Memory interleaving breaks the memory into independent blocks to process requests simultaneously.
      • Cache memory stores frequently accessed data to minimize latency.

    • Lecture 11: Programmed I/O, Interrupts, and DMA

      • Programmed I/O (PIO), interrupts, and DMA (Direct Memory Access) handle input/output operations.
      • PIO involves CPU handling input/output operations.
      • Interrupts let devices notify the CPU when data is ready to be processed.
      • DMA lets devices transfer data directly to memory without CPU involvement.

    • Lecture 12: Storage Hierarchy and Disk Technology

      • Computer storage is organized hierarchically by speed.
      • The hierarchy ranges from CPU registers, cache, RAM, and various forms of secondary storage (flash, magnetic hard drive, optical disks).
      • Understanding terminology related to magnetic disk technology (e.g., platter, track, sector, seek time, latency) is crucial.

    • Lecture 13: Data Communication Concepts

      • Networks encompass protocols (rules), messages, media (transport mechanisms), and devices.
      • The OSI and TCP/IP models represent layered architectures for network communication.
      • Protocol data units are encapsulated or de-capsulated as data moves into or out of layers.
      • Network topologies include bus, ring, star, extended star, hierarchical, and mesh structures.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of information systems and counting systems in IT 110. Understand the architecture of components and the transition between various numeral bases. This quiz covers key principles that are essential for your IT studies.

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