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Questions and Answers

Who established the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)?

  • Dr. Vikram Sarabhai (correct)
  • Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
  • Dr. Sarabhai Vikram
  • Dr.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

    • Which of the following missions was the first to discover water molecules on the moon?

  • Aryabhata
  • Chandrayaan-2
  • Mars Orbiter Mission
  • Chandrayaan-1 (correct)

    • What is the primary purpose of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)?

  • Launch satellites into Medium Earth Orbit
  • Launch satellites into high-altitude orbit
  • Launch satellites into Low Earth Orbit (correct)
  • Launch satellites into geostationary orbit

    • Which ISRO launch site is primarily used for launching satellites?

    <p>Satish Dhawan Space Centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was India's first remote-sensing satellite called?

    <p>IRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the lift-off mass of the PSLV during its initial launch?

    <p>320 tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following missions marked India's first attempt to reach Mars?

    <p>Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was ISRO brought under the Department of Space?

    <p>1972</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which satellite system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region?

    <p>INSAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following launch sites is primarily dedicated to missile testing?

    <p>Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam Island</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mission is considered India's first space observatory launched by PSLV?

    <p>Astrosat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the GSLV?

    <p>To deliver payloads to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the height of the GSLV, making it the tallest ISRO vehicle?

    <p>49.13 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GSLV version achieved a success rate of 86%?

    <p>GSLV Mk II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the payload capacity of the GSLV to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)?

    <p>5,000 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nickname is associated with the GSLV due to its inconsistent launch success?

    <p>Naughty boy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the propulsion system of the SSLV?

    <p>Solid propulsion with liquid velocity trimming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the CARE Mission launched by the GSLV?

    <p>Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the SSLV take for quick integration before launching?

    <p>72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mission used the GSLV Mk III for its launch?

    <p>Chandrayaan-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    INSAT year of launch

    <p>1983</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IRS year of Launch?

    <p>1988</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was ISRO's Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) established?

    <p>1962</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement was made by Chandrayaan-1 in 2008?

    <p>It discovered water molecules on the Moon's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the National Space Policy (2020)?

    <p>To foster economic growth through private sector participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space mission is noted for being the first human-crewed initiative planned by ISRO?

    <p>Gaganyaan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which international collaboration does ISRO have with NASA?

    <p>Shared research and satellite launches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Apollo 11 mission launched in 1969?

    <p>First manned moon landing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the International Space Station (ISS)?

    <p>It represents a collaboration of multiple countries' space agencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the beginning of the space age in 1957?

    <p>Launch of Sputnik 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant aspect of Valentina Tereshkova's spaceflight in 1963?

    <p>She completed a solo mission aboard Vostok 6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main economic commitment made by EFTA to India over the next 15 years?

    <p>Investment of $100 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes EFTA's tariff concessions towards India?

    <p>92.2% tariff lines covering 99.6% of India's exports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is excluded from the investment commitments made by EFTA to India?

    <p>Foreign portfolio investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensitive sectors are specifically protected under India's offer to EFTA?

    <p>Pharmaceuticals and processed food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) India signed with EFTA?

    <p>It includes commitments for targeted investment and job creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of service delivery does EFTA emphasize in its commitments?

    <p>Digital delivery of services (Mode 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is not a current member of the EFTA?

    <p>Denmark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of EFTA's tariff lines cover India's exports?

    <p>99.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a commitment made by EFTA regarding the services sector?

    <p>Access restrictions for digital services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of professional services is part of the TEPA commitments?

    <p>Mutual Recognition Agreements for selected professions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted the fishermen in Ramanathapuram district to boycott the St. Anthony's Church festival in February 2024?

    <p>Protests against the Sri Lankan government's arrests of Indian fishermen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the formal agreement signed on June 28, 1974, between India and Sri Lanka?

    <p>The ceding of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far is Katchatheevu from Rameswaram in India?

    <p>33 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a historical claim related to Katchatheevu?

    <p>The Raja of Ramanad historically claimed ownership of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clarification was made in the 1976 supplemental pact regarding fishing rights?

    <p>Fishermen required express permission to fish in each other's waters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of the discussions that began in October 1921 regarding Katchatheevu?

    <p>Delimitation of maritime boundaries between the two nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Tamil Nadu Chief Minister first urged the retrieval of Katchatheevu and necessary fishing rights policy?

    <p>Jayalalithaa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural feature of Katchatheevu?

    <p>St. Anthony’s Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the distance of Katchatheevu from Sri Lanka's northernmost point, Jaffna?

    <p>62 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Prime Minister of India was in office when Katchatheevu was ceded to Sri Lanka?

    <p>Indira Gandhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Sri Lankan Prime Minister who signed the Kachchatheevu pact in 1974?

    <p>Sirimavo Bandaranaike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On which date was the Kachchatheevu Pact signed in 1974?

    <p>March 1, 1974</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of Kachchateevu in acres?

    <p>285</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary demands of the 'Delhi Chalo Padyatra' protesters?

    <p>Reinstatement of statehood for Ladakh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which legislative framework are the protesters seeking for the protection of local rights in Ladakh?

    <p>Sixth Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on October 13, 2024, related to the protest leadership?

    <p>They were detained by Delhi Police</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the four points in the protesters' agenda?

    <p>Establishment of new educational institutions in Ladakh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon characterizes India's form of governance that affects the autonomy of regions like Ladakh?

    <p>Asymmetrical Federalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the status of Ladakh before it became a Union Territory?

    <p>A part of Jammu and Kashmir with special status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sixth Schedule provide to tribal areas?

    <p>Autonomous District Councils with legislative powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a reason for the protesters' demands?

    <p>Demand for increased revenue from tourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the formation of the Kargil Democratic Alliance?

    <p>Advocacy for local political representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes one of the aims of the proposed public service commission for Ladakh?

    <p>To facilitate local recruitment for government jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major demands being made by the protesters in the 'Delhi Chalo Padyatra'?

    <p>Establishment of local governance with legislative powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the objective of extending the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh?

    <p>To provide legislative powers for local governance over cultural and land rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects does asymmetrical federalism address in relation to regions like Ladakh?

    <p>Greater autonomy for regions with unique cultural or historical circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal regarding recruitment as outlined in the four-point agenda of the protest?

    <p>Creation of a dedicated public service commission for Ladakh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    leh apex body and kargil democratic alliance organized delhi chalo pad yatra

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change was made to the administrative divisions of Ladakh in August 2024?

    <p>Five new districts were created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the former function of Article 35A that has been repealed?

    <p>It defined 'permanent residents' and their special rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Sonam Wangchuk and what notable work did he lead?

    <p>The founding director of a cultural movement in Ladakh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Historically, what significant change occurred in Ladakh after the Dogra invasion in 1834?

    <p>Ladakh was recognized as part of British India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographic feature is characteristic of Ladakh's environment?

    <p>Gravelly and sandy loam soils with low water retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Sonam Wangchuk play in Ladakh's education sector?

    <p>Advisor for education in the Hill Council Government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the recent administrative changes, how many districts will Ladakh have?

    <p>Seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions does NOT border Ladakh?

    <p>Nepal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of creating five new districts in Ladakh in August 2024?

    <p>To improve governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sonam Wangchuk is known for which of the following contributions?

    <p>Founding Ladakh's only print magazine 'Ladags Melong'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Historically, before becoming a part of India, Ladakh was under which form of governance?

    <p>British suzerainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Ladakh's landscape impacts its soil quality?

    <p>Gravelly and sandy loams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Article 35A play in Jammu and Kashmir prior to its repeal?

    <p>Granting special rights to permanent residents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following districts was NOT created during the reorganization of Ladakh?

    <p>Leh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The character of 'Phunsuk Wangdu' in the film '3 Idiots' was inspired by which individual?

    <p>Sonam Wangchuk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before Ladakh's current status, how many members did it have in the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the current Lieutenant Governor (LG) of Ladakh?

    <p>B D Mishra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was SEMCOL founded and what is its full form?

    <p>1998, Students' Educational And Cultural Movement of Ladakh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation

    • Established in 1969, succeeding INCOSPAR, by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
    • Brought under the Department of Space (DOS) in 1972.
    • Headquartered in Bengaluru, India.
    • Primarily focused on harnessing space technology for national development.
    • Funded by the Government of India and the Department of Space.

    Key Milestones

    • Aryabhata (1975): India's first satellite, conducting experiments in aeronomics, solar physics, and X-ray astronomy.
    • Chandrayaan-1 (2008): India's inaugural lunar mission, discovering water molecules on the moon.
    • Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan, 2013): India’s first mission to Mars, achieving the distinction of being the first country to reach Mars on its maiden attempt.
    • Chandrayaan-2 (2019): A crucial mission in India's space exploration endeavors.
    • INSAT system (1983): One of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region.
    • IRS (1988): India’s first remote-sensing satellite.

    Launch Sites

    • Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC): Located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, it serves as the launch vehicle development center.
    • Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC): Situated in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, it functions as the primary spaceport for launching satellites.
    • Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Island: Located in Odisha, it is primarily used for missile testing and space-related experiments.
    • Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport (Under construction): Situated in Tamil Nadu, it is specifically dedicated to launching Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) developed by the private sector.

    ISRO's Launch Vehicles

    PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)

    • Designed to launch satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
    • First successful launch occurred in October 1994.
    • Possesses a lift-off mass of 320 tons and a height of 44 meters.
    • Capable of carrying satellites weighing up to 2000 kg into space, reaching altitudes of 600-900 km.
    • Employs a four-stage rocket configuration using both solid and liquid propellants.
    • Widely regarded as the "Workhorse of ISRO" due to its exceptional reliability.
    • Notable satellites launched by PSLV include Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Mars Orbiter Mission (2013), Astrosat (2015 - India's first space observatory), Aditya-L1 (2023), and XPoSat (India's first dedicated scientific satellite for space-based polarization measurements).

    GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle)

    • Designed to launch satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
    • Stands at 49.13 meters, making it the tallest ISRO vehicle.
    • Employs a three-stage configuration with solid, liquid, and cryogenic propellant stages.
    • Can carry payloads up to 5,000 kg to GTO and 10,000 kg to LEO.
    • First launch occurred on April 18, 2001.
    • Success Rates: GSLV Mk I - 29%, GSLV Mk II - 86%.
    • Notable missions include GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS (meteorological observations and ocean surface monitoring), GSLV-F12/NVS-01(NavIC), CARE Mission (2014 - Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment), GSAT-19 Mission (2017 - Communications satellite), Chandrayaan-2 (2019), OneWeb (2022), Chandrayaan-3 (2023 - Launched using GSLV Mk III).
    • Nicknamed the "Naughty boy" due to its inconsistent track record.
    • GSLV Mk III: ISRO's most advanced launch vehicle, capable of supporting manned space missions.

    SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle)

    • Designed as a low-cost, quick-turnaround launch vehicle for small satellites.
    • Employs a three-stage configuration with solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM).
    • Capable of launching payloads up to 500 kg.
    • Offers launch-on-demand capabilities with a rapid integration time of 72 hours.
    • Key Flights:
      • SSLV-D1 (2022): Initial flight, failed to reach the intended orbit.
      • SSLV-D2 (2023): Successfully achieved orbit.

    ISRO Missions and History

    • ISRO was established in 1969.
    • Aryabhata (1975) was India's first satellite, marking its entry into space research.
    • Chandrayaan-1 (2008) discovered water molecules on the Moon's surface.
    • Mangalyaan (2013) was India's first mission to Mars, making it the first Asian country to reach Martian orbit.
    • Chandrayaan-2 (2019) aimed to explore the Moon's south polar region. The orbiter was successful, but the lander (Vikram) lost contact during descent.
    • Gaganyaan (planned for 2024) is India's proposed crewed spaceflight program.

    Space Policies

    • India's National Space Policy (2020) aims to enhance India's space sector capabilities and foster economic growth.
    • The policy encourages private sector participation and foreign investment.
    • It emphasizes space-based applications for societal benefits like communication, education, and disaster management.
    • There are policies for sharing technology and expertise with developing nations.

    International Collaborations

    • ISRO works with NASA, Roscosmos (Russia), and CNES (France) on shared research and satellite launches.
    • ISRO has joint missions with Israel and Japan.
    • ISRO is actively involved in international space forums like the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).

    Other Notable Space Moments

    • Sputnik 1 (1957), the first artificial satellite launched by the USSR, started the space age.
    • Apollo 11 (1969) was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, led by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
    • The Hubble Space Telescope (1990), launched by NASA, has provided groundbreaking astronomical insights.
    • The International Space Station (ISS), a collaborative project between multiple countries, began operations in 2000.

    Space Trivia

    • Valeri Polyakov holds the record for the longest human spaceflight, spending 437 days in space aboard the Mir space station from 1994-1995.
    • Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in space, flying aboard Vostok 6 in 1963.
    • The New Horizons spacecraft is the fastest spacecraft to exit Earth's gravitational influence. It launched in 2006 and reached Pluto in 2015.
    • The International Space Station is the largest structure in space, roughly the size of a football field.

    India-EFTA Trade Agreement

    • India signed a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) with European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries (Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein) on March 10, 2024.
    • This is the first time India has signed an FTA with four developed nations.
    • EFTA is an intergovernmental organization established in 1960 to promote free trade and economic integration.
    • EFTA has committed to $100 billion foreign direct investment in India over the next 15 years.
    • EFTA's investment commitments exclude foreign portfolio investment.
    • EFTA's commitment aims to create 1 million direct jobs in India over the same period.
    • This FTA is the first to include legal commitment for promoting targeted investment and job creation.

    Market Access and Tariff Commitments

    • EFTA offers tariff reduction on 92.2% tariff lines covering 99.6% of India’s exports.
    • EFTA offers 100% tariff reduction on non-agricultural products and concessions on Processed Agricultural Products (PAP).
    • India offers tariff reduction on 82.7% tariff lines covering 95.3% of EFTA exports, with Gold imports exempted from any duty reduction.
    • India has protected sensitive sectors like pharma, medical devices, processed food under the PLI scheme.
    • Dairy, soya, coal, and sensitive agricultural products are excluded from the agreement.

    Services Sector Commitments

    • India offers 105 sub-sectors to EFTA.
    • EFTA offers 128 sub-sectors from Switzerland, 114 from Norway, 107 from Liechtenstein, and 110 from Iceland.
    • EFTA offers better access for digital delivery of services (Mode 1) and commercial presence (Mode 3).
    • EFTA offers improved certainty for entry and temporary stay of key personnel (Mode 4).

    Professional Services and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

    • The agreement includes Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRA) for professional services (nursing, chartered accountants, architects).

    European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

    • Established in 1960
    • Founding members: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
    • Iceland joined in 1970, Finland in 1986, Liechtenstein in 1991.
    • Several countries left EFTA to join the EU (e.g., Denmark, UK in 1973; Portugal in 1986).
    • Current members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.
    • EFTA has over 60 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), including with the EU.

    EFTA Governance

    • EFTA Council is the highest governing body, meeting 8 times annually at ambassadorial level and twice at ministerial level.
    • EFTA Secretariat manages relations and FTAs.
    • EFTA has offices in:
      • Geneva: HQ, manages relations and FTAs
      • Brussels: handles EEA Agreement and EU collaboration
      • Luxembourg: focuses on European statistical integration.
    • The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) monitors EEA compliance in Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, similar to the European Commission.
    • The EFTA Court, located in Luxembourg, resolves EEA disputes, having jurisdiction similar to the CJEU for EEA EFTA countries.

    Katchatheevu Dispute

    • Prime Minister Modi criticized the Congress Party for ceding Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka in 1974.
    • Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin questioned the steps taken by the Modi government to retrieve Katchatheevu.
    • Fishermen in Ramanathapuram district boycotted the annual St. Anthony's Church festival in February 2024 to protest Sri Lankan government's arrests of Indian fishermen.
    • Katchatheevu was ceded to Sri Lanka in 1974 through a formal agreement signed by India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Sri Lanka's Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike.
    • Katchatheevu is located in the Palk Strait, a key maritime route between India and Sri Lanka.
    • It is situated about 33 km from Rameswaram (India) and 24 km from Sri Lanka's Delft Island.
    • The islet covers 285 acres and its only structure is St. Anthony's Church.
    • Boundary delimitation discussions in the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar started in 1921 between then Madras and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) governments.
    • Sri Lanka's claim was based on Portuguese control (1505 - 1658), while India referred to the Raja of Ramnad's ownership.
    • On June 29, 1974, Tamil Nadu CM M. Karunanidhi contested the ceding based on the Raja of Ramanad's historical ownership.
    • A supplemental pact in 1976 clarified that fishermen from both countries could not fish in each other’s waters without explicit permission.
    • In 1991, Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa urged the retrieval of Katchatheevu and restoration of fishing rights for Indian fishermen.
    • The Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu on October 31, 1991.

    Delhi Chalo Padyatra

    • Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk led over 100 volunteers on a foot march to Delhi to raise awareness about issues facing Ladakh.
    • The march was organized by the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA).
    • Protesters were detained by Delhi Police for protesting outside Ladakh Bhawan.
    • Protesters were denied permission to peacefully protest at Jantar Mantar and began an indefinite hunger strike.

    Demands of the Protest

    • Reinstatement of statehood for Ladakh.
    • Recognition as a tribal area under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
    • Creation of a dedicated public service commission for recruitment in Ladakh.
    • Establishment of separate Lok Sabha seats for Leh and Kargil districts.

    Sixth Schedule and Asymmetrical Federalism

    • The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for autonomous district councils (ADC) with legislative powers over land use, cultivation, inheritance, and social customs.
    • The Sixth Schedule applies to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.
    • India's asymmetrical federalism allows for regions like Ladakh to have more autonomy based on unique circumstances.

    Delhi Chalo Padyatra

    • Over 100 volunteers led by climate activist Sonam Wangchuk began a foot march to Delhi on a four-point agenda demanding the reinstatement of statehood for Ladakh.
    • Wangchuk and 20 others were detained by Delhi Police for protesting outside Ladakh Bhawan on October 13, 2024.
    • The 'Delhi Chalo Padyatra' was organized by the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA).
    • Protesters were previously denied permission to peacefully protest at Jantar Mantar, leading them to start an indefinite hunger strike.

    Four-Point Agenda

    • Reinstatement of statehood for Ladakh.
    • Extension of the Sixth Schedule to protect cultural, land, and employment rights.
    • Creation of a dedicated public service commission for recruitment in Ladakh.
    • Establishment of separate Lok Sabha seats for Leh and Kargil districts.

    Sixth Schedule & Asymmetrical Federalism

    • The Sixth Schedule applies to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.
    • The Sixth Schedule provides Autonomous District Councils (ADC) with legislative powers over land use, cultivation, inheritance, and social customs.
    • India follows asymmetrical federalism, where some regions, such as Ladakh, can have more autonomy than others based on their unique circumstances.

    Ladakh's Political Landscape

    • Ladakh became a Union Territory in 2019, previously having representation in the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly.
    • Ladakh is the largest region in the former state, covering 95,876 km².
    • The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) has seen its role reduced after the reorganization.
    • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in August 2024 decided to create five new districts in Ladakh, increasing the total to seven.
    • This move aims to enhance governance and benefit people at the grassroots level.

    Ladakh's Geography and History

    • Ladakh borders Tibet (China), Himachal Pradesh (India), Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, and Xinjiang (China).
    • Ladakh's high altitude results in high radiation levels, with soils lacking water retention and organic content.
    • Historically, Ladakh was an independent kingdom until the Dogra invasion in 1834.
    • It later became part of British suzerainty after 1846, serving as a buffer zone between British India and Russia.

    Sonam Wangchuk

    • Sonam Wangchuk is the founding director of the Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SEMCOL), established in 1988.
    • He founded and edited Ladakh's only print magazine, Ladags Melong, from 1993 to 2005.
    • Wangchuk served as an advisor for education in the Hill Council Government in 2001.
    • He founded the Ladakh Voluntary Network, a network of NGOs in Ladakh.
    • Wangchuk inspired the character of "Phunsuk Wangdu" in the 2009 Bollywood film "3 Idiots."

    Ladakh

    • Ladakh is the largest region within Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh, spanning 95,876 km².
    • Ladakh became a Union Territory in 2019.
    • Ladakh shares borders with Tibet (China), Himachal Pradesh (India), Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, and Xinjiang (China).
    • Ladakh's high altitude creates high radiation levels, with soils characterized by gravel and sandy loams that lack water retention and organic content.
    • Historically, Ladakh was an independent kingdom until the Dogra invasion in 1834.
    • After 1846, Ladakh became part of British suzerainty, serving as a buffer zone between British India and Russia.
    • The current LG of Ladakh is BD Mishra.

    Ladakh's Administration

    • Ladakh lost its legislative assembly after the 2019 reorganization.
    • Prior to the reorganization, Ladakh had four members in the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly and two in the Legislative Council.
    • The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) has seen its role reduced.
    • In August 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) created five new districts in Ladakh: Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra, and Changthang.
    • This move aimed to enhance governance and provide benefits to local communities.
    • Ladakh now has a total of seven districts, including Leh and Kargil.

    Sonam Wangchuk

    • Sonam Wangchuk is the founding director of the Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SEMCOL), established in 1988.
    • He founded and served as editor of Ladakh's only print magazine, Ladags Melong, from June 1993 to 2005.
    • In 2001, Wangchuk was appointed as an advisor for education in the Hill Council Government.
    • He founded the Ladakh Voluntary Network, a network of NGOs in Ladakh, and served on its executive committee.
    • Wangchuk inspired the character of "Phunsuk Wangdu" in the 2009 Bollywood film "3 Idiots."

    Ladakh

    • Ladakh is the largest region in Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh, it covers 95,876 km² and became a Union Territory in 2019.
    • Ladakh borders Tibet (China), Himachal Pradesh (India), Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, and Xinjiang (China).
    • The high-altitude landscape results in high radiation levels, with soils being gravelly and sandy loams, lacking water retention and organic content.
    • Historically, Ladakh was an independent kingdom until the Dogra invasion in 1834, and later became part of British suzerainty post-1846, serving as a buffer zone between British India and Russia.
    • In August 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) decided to create five new districts in Ladakh— Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra, and Changthang, this is aimed at enhancing governance and delivering benefits to people at the grassroots level.
    • After the new districts, Ladakh will have a total of seven districts, including Leh and Kargil.
    • The LG of Ladakh is BD Mishra.

    Sonam Wangchuk

    • He is the founding director of the Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SEMCOL), founded in 1988 with his brother and five peers.
    • Between 1993 and 2005, Wangchuk founded and worked as the editor of Ladakh's only print magazine, Ladags Melong.
    • In 2001, he was appointed as an advisor for education in the Hill Council Government.
    • Wangchuk also founded the Ladakh Voluntary Network, a network of NGOs in Ladakh, and served on its executive committee.
    • Wangchuk inspired the character of "Phunsuk Wangdu" in the 2009 Bollywood film "3 Idiots."

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