Isomers and Pharmacology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about isomers is true?

Isomers have different chemical formulas but the same structural arrangements.

Isomers have the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements. (correct)

Isomers are mirror images of each other.

Isomers are always chemically identical.

What type of isomer are L-dopa and its mirror image?

Geometric

Enantiomer (correct)

Functional

Structural

Why are enantiomers particularly useful in pharmacology?

They are easier to synthesize than other types of isomers.

They can be used to target specific receptors in the body. (correct)

They are more stable than other types of isomers.

They are less likely to cause side effects than other types of isomers.

What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?

Controlling muscle movement (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does L-dopa help alleviate Parkinson's disease?

It promotes the production of dopamine in the brain. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes within the cell?

Protein synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for breaking down toxins?

Peroxisomes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of mitochondria in cellular processes?

Producing ATP through cellular respiration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What structure acts as a barrier that protects the internal environment of the cell?

Plasma membrane (D) Signup and view all the answers

What function is attributed to lysosomes within a cell?

Digestion of cellular components (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in structural support and integrity in plant cells?

Cell wall (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for maintaining organelle stability?

Intermediate filaments (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do chloroplasts play in plant cells?

Photosynthesis and energy production (C) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does a G-protein utilize when activated by a GPCR?

It converts GDP to GTP. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is primarily associated with the regulation of blood sugar?

Receptor tyrosine kinases (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many transmembrane domains do G-protein coupled receptors typically have?

7 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of D1-type receptors in the basal ganglia?

To promote movement (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to inactive G-proteins before they become active?

They bind GDP. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant feature of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)?

They have two transmembrane domains. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about GPCRs is correct?

They contain an N-terminus facing the extracellular side. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do RTKs affect cellular processes when activated?

By phosphorylating molecules to increase their energy. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a point mutation that replaces a negatively charged amino acid with a nonpolar amino acid have on blood cells?

It changes the shape of blood cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for reactions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is produced when a phosphate group is sheared off ATP?

ADP (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly compares DNA and RNA?

DNA is double-stranded and contains thymine, while RNA is single-stranded with uracil. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of DNA in a cell?

To serve as a template for the synthesis of RNA and proteins. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, what occurs in eukaryotic cells?

DNA is unwound by RNA polymerase and transcribed into mRNA. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cells is true?

Cells can form tissues that create organs and systems. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about water's properties is incorrect?

Water is a nonpolar molecule, making it a poor solvent for polar molecules. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is not found within a protein?

Phosphate group (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pH is true?

The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning a change of one unit represents a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have a linear structure, while unsaturated fatty acids have a kinked structure. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between monomers and polymers?

Monomers are the building blocks of polymers, and polymers are large molecules formed by linking multiple monomers together. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

Glycogen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bond that links two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide?

Glycosidic bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of lipids in the body?

Lipids are essential for cell signaling and hormone production. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

Storage of energy in the form of triglycerides (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are unsaturated fatty acids typically liquid at room temperature?

The double bonds create kinks in their structure, preventing them from packing tightly. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is most likely to have a minimal impact on protein function?

Substitution mutation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between transcription and DNA replication?

Transcription utilizes only one DNA strand as a template, while replication uses both strands (A) Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, what is the main function of topoisomerase?

To prevent supercoiling of DNA ahead of the replication fork (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 5' → 3' direction in transcription?

It dictates the direction of RNA polymerase movement along the DNA template (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key component of the transcription initiation complex?

DNA ligase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription?

Prokaryotic transcription involves a single RNA polymerase, while eukaryotic transcription uses multiple types (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the termination of transcription?

It is signaled by a termination sequence on the DNA template (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the post-transcriptional modifications that occur in eukaryotic cells?

They ensure that the mRNA transcript can be accurately translated into a polypeptide chain (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry of Macromolecules

Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
- Structural isomers: Different arrangements of atoms.
- Geometric isomers: Different angles/orientations due to single or double bonds.
- Enantiomers: Mirror images of one another, but chemically identical in pairs.
Particularly useful: Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment.
L-dopa: A chemical precursor to dopamine synthesis in the brain.
Dopamine: Neurotransmitter controlling functions, including movement.

Essential Elements

Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)

Bonds

Intramolecular bonds (within molecules):
- Ionic bonds: Metal + nonmetal with unequal electron sharing, forming charged atoms.
- Covalent bonds: Two or more nonmetals sharing electrons.
Polar bonds: Covalent bonds with a polarity difference between the bonded atoms.
Hydrogen bonds: Electrostatic forces between molecules, holding water molecules, DNA bases, and proteins.

Properties of Water

Polar Covalent: Hydrogen sharing electrons unequally with oxygen.
Universal Solvent: Dissolves many substances, unlike lipids.
High Heat Capacity: Stores lots of heat energy.
High Heat of Vaporization: Requires a lot of energy to boil water.
High Cohesion/Adhesion: Water molecules stick together, creating surface tension.
Less Dense as a Solid: Ice is less dense than liquid water.

pH

Acidic: <7, high H+.
Neutral: 7, equal H+ and OH-.
Basic: >7, high OH-.
pH Scale: Measures acidity or basicity of a solution.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, the monomers for carbohydrates.
Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together.
Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides joined together; include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Types of polysaccharides contain different types of ester bonds, and may differ in structure (e.g. branched vs. unbranched).

Lipids

Composed of C and H atoms.
Nonpolar and hydrophobic; tails of hydrocarbons are hydrophobic.
Component tails are important for structure as well as energy storage.

Proteins

Monomer: Amino acids (20 different types).
Structure levels:
- Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary: Alpha helix and beta sheets.
- Tertiary: 3D structure of a single polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains associate.
Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze reactions.
- Reduce activation energies: Accelerate chemical reactions in biological systems.

Nucleic Acids

Monomer: Nucleotides (contain C, H, O, N, and P).
DNA: Double-stranded, comprised of two strands arranged anti-parallel (5' → 3' and 3' → 5').
RNA: Single-stranded, plays a crucial role in protein synthesis (transfer RNA [tRNA], messenger RNA [mRNA] and ribosomal RNA [rRNA]).

Cell and Organelles

Eukaryotic cells: Contain membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells: Lack membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles' functions: Each organelle has a distinct function, e.g., ribosomes synthesize proteins and mitochondria produce energy.
Cells and biological organization: Cells are the basic units of life, and they combine to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cell Motility: Mechanisms by which cells move (e.g. cilia, flagella).

Semipermeable Membranes

Semipermeable membranes: Membranes that control what enters and leaves a cell.
Passive transport: Molecules moving across a membrane from high to low concentration (e.g., osmosis).
Active transport: Molecules moving from low to high concentration (requiring energy).
Electro-chemical gradient: Determines the net passive transport rate of charged particles.

Intracellular Signaling and Gene Expression

Gated channels: Ion channels affected by voltage, ligands, or physical tension.
Active transport: Moving molecules against the concentration gradient (e.g., Protein pumps.)
Cotransporters: Using the energy release from a moving substance to move another substance against its concentration gradient.
Bulk transport (endo & exocytosis): Vesicle packaging, transport and release to move molecules across a membrane.

DNA Replication

Semiconservative replication: Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.
DNA Polymerases: Enzymes that synthesize DNA strands from nucleotides.
Helicase: Enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication.
Replication fork: Point where strands separate to create a bubble.
Lagging and Leading strand: The leading strand is copied continuously where as the lagging strand is copied in small sections [okazaki fragments].

Transcription

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic: Regulation and location differ.
Transcription factors: Proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression.
Promoter regions: On DNA, specify where replication begins.
Repressor regions: On DNA, specify where the process stops.
Operons: In prokaryotes, a cluster of genes regulated by a common promoter region.

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Description

Test your knowledge on isomers, particularly enantiomers, and their significance in pharmacology. Explore the relationship between L-dopa and dopamine, and learn how these compounds affect Parkinson's disease. This quiz covers crucial concepts in chemistry and their applications in medicine.