Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was a significant action taken by the caliphs after Muhammad's death?
What was a significant action taken by the caliphs after Muhammad's death?
- They established new religious doctrines.
- They united Arabia and expanded the empire. (correct)
- They prohibited the spread of Islam.
- They focused on internal governance only.
Which two main divisions of Islam emerged over leadership disagreements?
Which two main divisions of Islam emerged over leadership disagreements?
- Shia and Sunni (correct)
- Zaidi and Ismaili
- Sufi and Salafi
- Rafidi and Murji'ah
What was the capital of the Islamic Empires under the Umayyad Caliphs?
What was the capital of the Islamic Empires under the Umayyad Caliphs?
- Mecca
- Baghdad
- Damascus (correct)
- Medina
What was the primary goal of the Umayyad Caliphs during their reign?
What was the primary goal of the Umayyad Caliphs during their reign?
Which language became the official language of the Islamic Empire during the Umayyad period?
Which language became the official language of the Islamic Empire during the Umayyad period?
How did non-Arab Muslims benefit under the Abbasid Dynasty?
How did non-Arab Muslims benefit under the Abbasid Dynasty?
What was the major intellectual contribution of Al-Khwārizmī?
What was the major intellectual contribution of Al-Khwārizmī?
What was the significance of Baghdad during the Abbasid era?
What was the significance of Baghdad during the Abbasid era?
What cultural development did the Song Dynasty notably contribute to?
What cultural development did the Song Dynasty notably contribute to?
What was the primary economic advantage of the Grand Canal?
What was the primary economic advantage of the Grand Canal?
How did the Silk Road influence cultural exchange?
How did the Silk Road influence cultural exchange?
Which term describes areas that accepted Islam?
Which term describes areas that accepted Islam?
What was one effect of flying cash during the Tang Dynasty?
What was one effect of flying cash during the Tang Dynasty?
What type of literature did Omar Khayyam contribute to during the Islamic Golden Age?
What type of literature did Omar Khayyam contribute to during the Islamic Golden Age?
Which of the following was a key feature of Abbasid society?
Which of the following was a key feature of Abbasid society?
What was a significant agricultural innovation during the Song Dynasty?
What was a significant agricultural innovation during the Song Dynasty?
What crucial role did merchants play in Muslim society?
What crucial role did merchants play in Muslim society?
What characterized the Abbasid government structure?
What characterized the Abbasid government structure?
What was a common trade good transported along the Silk Road?
What was a common trade good transported along the Silk Road?
Which event marked the beginning of Genghis Khan's campaigns against China?
Which event marked the beginning of Genghis Khan's campaigns against China?
What was the principle reason for the Mongols' success in expanding their empire?
What was the principle reason for the Mongols' success in expanding their empire?
What was the Pax Mongolia?
What was the Pax Mongolia?
How did Kublai Khan contribute to the Yuan dynasty?
How did Kublai Khan contribute to the Yuan dynasty?
What was one negative impact of the Mongol Empire on its economy?
What was one negative impact of the Mongol Empire on its economy?
What was a major consequence of the Mongol Empire's fall and retreat?
What was a major consequence of the Mongol Empire's fall and retreat?
What contributed to the spread of the Bubonic Plague during the Mongol Empire?
What contributed to the spread of the Bubonic Plague during the Mongol Empire?
What was one characteristic of the Aztec economy?
What was one characteristic of the Aztec economy?
Which of the following best describes the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan?
Which of the following best describes the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan?
How did Aztec social classes affect individuals' status?
How did Aztec social classes affect individuals' status?
Which main deity was central to Aztec religion?
Which main deity was central to Aztec religion?
What was a common method of human sacrifice among the Aztecs?
What was a common method of human sacrifice among the Aztecs?
What primarily united the Aztec people in their belief system?
What primarily united the Aztec people in their belief system?
What was a key characteristic of Inca society regarding labor?
What was a key characteristic of Inca society regarding labor?
Which major challenge did the Aztecs face regarding cohesion?
Which major challenge did the Aztecs face regarding cohesion?
Which of the following was NOT an Inca achievement?
Which of the following was NOT an Inca achievement?
What role did human sacrifice play in the Aztec culture?
What role did human sacrifice play in the Aztec culture?
What was a consequence of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca?
What was a consequence of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca?
Which animal played a crucial role in the Trans-Saharan trade routes?
Which animal played a crucial role in the Trans-Saharan trade routes?
What was the main purpose of the Inca road system?
What was the main purpose of the Inca road system?
What was Timbuktu primarily known for during the Mali Empire?
What was Timbuktu primarily known for during the Mali Empire?
Which social class composed the upper tier of the Inca class structure?
Which social class composed the upper tier of the Inca class structure?
How did the West African Kingdoms obtain wealth?
How did the West African Kingdoms obtain wealth?
What was Pachacuti known for in Inca history?
What was Pachacuti known for in Inca history?
What agricultural technique did the Incas develop to adapt to their environment?
What agricultural technique did the Incas develop to adapt to their environment?
What impact did goat farming have on the land in West Africa?
What impact did goat farming have on the land in West Africa?
Which religion was central to Inca culture?
Which religion was central to Inca culture?
What significant architectural development occurred under Mansa Musa in Timbuktu?
What significant architectural development occurred under Mansa Musa in Timbuktu?
What does the term 'ghettos' refer to in this context?
What does the term 'ghettos' refer to in this context?
Which item was used by the Incas to keep records in place of written records?
Which item was used by the Incas to keep records in place of written records?
What major challenge did both the Aztecs and Incas face leading to their decline?
What major challenge did both the Aztecs and Incas face leading to their decline?
What was one of the primary reasons for the decline of the Mali Empire?
What was one of the primary reasons for the decline of the Mali Empire?
What major factor contributed to the Incas' ability to control newly conquered territories?
What major factor contributed to the Incas' ability to control newly conquered territories?
What did Ibn Battuta extensively document in his travels?
What did Ibn Battuta extensively document in his travels?
What was a notable feature of the Great Zimbabwe?
What was a notable feature of the Great Zimbabwe?
What was a significant aspect of Inca architecture as seen in Machu Picchu?
What was a significant aspect of Inca architecture as seen in Machu Picchu?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the Mongolian Empire?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the Mongolian Empire?
What was a significant reason for the importance of salt in trade?
What was a significant reason for the importance of salt in trade?
During the Indian Ocean trade, what type of ships were commonly used?
During the Indian Ocean trade, what type of ships were commonly used?
What led to both admiration and disdain toward the Mongols?
What led to both admiration and disdain toward the Mongols?
What was a major consequence of the Jurchen taking control of northern China during the formation of the Jin Dynasty?
What was a major consequence of the Jurchen taking control of northern China during the formation of the Jin Dynasty?
Which invention during the Song dynasty helped to make books more accessible and cheaper?
Which invention during the Song dynasty helped to make books more accessible and cheaper?
What type of money was introduced during the Song dynasty, significantly changing currency use?
What type of money was introduced during the Song dynasty, significantly changing currency use?
What was a significant military outcome of the First Crusade?
What was a significant military outcome of the First Crusade?
During the Black Death, what was the main method by which the disease spread?
During the Black Death, what was the main method by which the disease spread?
What long-term impact did the Black Death have on the social structure of Europe?
What long-term impact did the Black Death have on the social structure of Europe?
What was the significance of the Pax Mongolica?
What was the significance of the Pax Mongolica?
Which of the following statements about feudalism is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about feudalism is NOT true?
What was the primary goal of the Crusades?
What was the primary goal of the Crusades?
Which group was known as a religious military order established during the Crusades?
Which group was known as a religious military order established during the Crusades?
How did the Mongol Empire contribute to the spread of the Black Death?
How did the Mongol Empire contribute to the spread of the Black Death?
What was one of the symptoms of the Bubonic plague, the most common form of the Black Death?
What was one of the symptoms of the Bubonic plague, the most common form of the Black Death?
Which of the following events ended the ascendancy of the feudal system in Europe?
Which of the following events ended the ascendancy of the feudal system in Europe?
In what year were the last Muslim communities expelled from Spain, marking the end of the Reconquista?
In what year were the last Muslim communities expelled from Spain, marking the end of the Reconquista?
What major factor contributed to the Umayyad Empire's expansion?
What major factor contributed to the Umayyad Empire's expansion?
What was a notable achievement of the Abbasid Dynasty?
What was a notable achievement of the Abbasid Dynasty?
What was manorialism primarily centered around?
What was manorialism primarily centered around?
Which of the following rights did women have in Abbasid society?
Which of the following rights did women have in Abbasid society?
What was one of the main reasons the First Crusade was initiated?
What was one of the main reasons the First Crusade was initiated?
What significant mathematical innovation is attributed to Al-Khwārizmī during the Islamic Golden Age?
What significant mathematical innovation is attributed to Al-Khwārizmī during the Islamic Golden Age?
What was the primary purpose of the Silk Road?
What was the primary purpose of the Silk Road?
Which ruler recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, leading to subsequent conflicts?
Which ruler recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, leading to subsequent conflicts?
What led to the declining power of the Abbasid caliphate?
What led to the declining power of the Abbasid caliphate?
What was one significant outcome of the Crusades for the power structure in Europe?
What was one significant outcome of the Crusades for the power structure in Europe?
What role did Pope Urban II play in the Crusades?
What role did Pope Urban II play in the Crusades?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Abbasid government's organization?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Abbasid government's organization?
Which famous labor led a movement of commoners during the Crusades but ended in failure?
Which famous labor led a movement of commoners during the Crusades but ended in failure?
What form of art was particularly prominent during the Islamic Golden Age?
What form of art was particularly prominent during the Islamic Golden Age?
Which of the following best describes the Children’s Crusade of 1212?
Which of the following best describes the Children’s Crusade of 1212?
What was the role of merchants in early Muslim society?
What was the role of merchants in early Muslim society?
What city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
What city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Which of the following statements about the Reconquista is true?
Which of the following statements about the Reconquista is true?
What significant event took place in 1492 related to Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I?
What significant event took place in 1492 related to Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I?
Which statement best describes Godfrey of Bouillon's role during the First Crusade?
Which statement best describes Godfrey of Bouillon's role during the First Crusade?
What was one factor that weakened the Byzantine Empire during the Crusades?
What was one factor that weakened the Byzantine Empire during the Crusades?
What was one of the primary goals of the Crusaders during their campaigns?
What was one of the primary goals of the Crusaders during their campaigns?
What was the main outcome of the Fourth Crusade?
What was the main outcome of the Fourth Crusade?
What role did Muhammad's background as a merchant play in Muslim society?
What role did Muhammad's background as a merchant play in Muslim society?
What notable contribution did Al-Khwairzmi make during the Islamic Golden Age?
What notable contribution did Al-Khwairzmi make during the Islamic Golden Age?
Which city was known as the greatest center of learning during the Abbasid Dynasty?
Which city was known as the greatest center of learning during the Abbasid Dynasty?
What was one of Prince Henry the Navigator's contributions to exploration?
What was one of Prince Henry the Navigator's contributions to exploration?
What was a significant effect of trade routes established by Muslim merchants?
What was a significant effect of trade routes established by Muslim merchants?
Which explorer is credited with circumnavigating the globe?
Which explorer is credited with circumnavigating the globe?
What motivated European explorers during the Age of Exploration?
What motivated European explorers during the Age of Exploration?
What was true about the societal structure under the Abbasid Dynasty?
What was true about the societal structure under the Abbasid Dynasty?
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
What characterized the Song Dynasty's approach to bureaucracy?
What characterized the Song Dynasty's approach to bureaucracy?
Which innovation was developed during the Song Dynasty to enhance trade?
Which innovation was developed during the Song Dynasty to enhance trade?
What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?
What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?
What did the Abbasid caliph oversee in their government?
What did the Abbasid caliph oversee in their government?
What factors contributed to Hernan Cortes’ success against the Aztecs?
What factors contributed to Hernan Cortes’ success against the Aztecs?
What was Vasco Nunez Balboa known for?
What was Vasco Nunez Balboa known for?
Which advancement is credited to the Tang Dynasty?
Which advancement is credited to the Tang Dynasty?
What was the primary reason for the establishment of mercantilism in Spain during the Age of Exploration?
What was the primary reason for the establishment of mercantilism in Spain during the Age of Exploration?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the Silk Road?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the Silk Road?
What was a key feature of the Islamic Golden Age?
What was a key feature of the Islamic Golden Age?
Which of the following was NOT a motive for exploration during the Age of Exploration?
Which of the following was NOT a motive for exploration during the Age of Exploration?
What relationship existed between religion and government during the Abbasid era?
What relationship existed between religion and government during the Abbasid era?
What was a major outcome of Columbus' voyage in 1492?
What was a major outcome of Columbus' voyage in 1492?
What calamity greatly weakened the Aztec Empire during Cortes' invasion?
What calamity greatly weakened the Aztec Empire during Cortes' invasion?
What was a notable achievement of the Song Dynasty in printing technology?
What was a notable achievement of the Song Dynasty in printing technology?
What was the primary focus of trade on the Silk Road?
What was the primary focus of trade on the Silk Road?
Which navigational advancement was developed during Prince Henry the Navigator's time?
Which navigational advancement was developed during Prince Henry the Navigator's time?
What did the Line of Demarcation established by the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
What did the Line of Demarcation established by the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
In which year did Vasco de Gama sail around the African continent to reach the Indies?
In which year did Vasco de Gama sail around the African continent to reach the Indies?
What was the main economic system centered around a lord's estate during the Middle Ages?
What was the main economic system centered around a lord's estate during the Middle Ages?
Which event initiated the call for the First Crusade?
Which event initiated the call for the First Crusade?
What was one of the outcomes of the First Crusade?
What was one of the outcomes of the First Crusade?
What major impact did the Crusades have on the power dynamics in Europe?
What major impact did the Crusades have on the power dynamics in Europe?
Who was the prominent Muslim leader during the time of the Crusades known for recapturing Jerusalem?
Who was the prominent Muslim leader during the time of the Crusades known for recapturing Jerusalem?
What was the primary goal of the Children's Crusade in 1212?
What was the primary goal of the Children's Crusade in 1212?
How did the outcome of the Crusades affect Jewish communities in Europe?
How did the outcome of the Crusades affect Jewish communities in Europe?
What was the Reconquista?
What was the Reconquista?
Which significant historical figure initiated the First Crusade with a speech?
Which significant historical figure initiated the First Crusade with a speech?
What did the term 'crusader' refer to?
What did the term 'crusader' refer to?
What motivated nations to participate in the Crusades besides religious zeal?
What motivated nations to participate in the Crusades besides religious zeal?
Which of the following was a significant leader during the Third Crusade?
Which of the following was a significant leader during the Third Crusade?
What major event prompted the migration of 500,000 Song Chinese to southern China?
What major event prompted the migration of 500,000 Song Chinese to southern China?
Who invented moveable type for printing during the Song dynasty?
Who invented moveable type for printing during the Song dynasty?
What was the main outcome of the Black Death during the 14th century?
What was the main outcome of the Black Death during the 14th century?
What type of plague was the most common during the Black Death?
What type of plague was the most common during the Black Death?
How did the Crusades impact European territorial expansion?
How did the Crusades impact European territorial expansion?
What was the role of military orders during the Crusades?
What was the role of military orders during the Crusades?
What factor contributed significantly to the spread of the Black Death?
What factor contributed significantly to the spread of the Black Death?
What were the symptoms commonly associated with the Bubonic plague?
What were the symptoms commonly associated with the Bubonic plague?
What was a significant economic development during the Song dynasty?
What was a significant economic development during the Song dynasty?
What was the primary purpose of the Pax Mongolica?
What was the primary purpose of the Pax Mongolica?
Which societal structure characterized the Middle Ages in Europe?
Which societal structure characterized the Middle Ages in Europe?
What was the impact of the Black Death on social relationships?
What was the impact of the Black Death on social relationships?
What was the primary reason Muslims began trading with sub-Saharan Africa?
What was the primary reason Muslims began trading with sub-Saharan Africa?
What motivated Columbus in his exploration, akin to a crusader?
What motivated Columbus in his exploration, akin to a crusader?
What significant change occurred as a result of the Black Death concerning labor?
What significant change occurred as a result of the Black Death concerning labor?
Which animal was crucial for desert travel in early trade routes across the Sahara?
Which animal was crucial for desert travel in early trade routes across the Sahara?
What resource was traded pound for pound with gold due to its significance?
What resource was traded pound for pound with gold due to its significance?
What was Mansa Musa known for during his reign?
What was Mansa Musa known for during his reign?
What was the capital city of the Mali Empire that became a center for trade and learning?
What was the capital city of the Mali Empire that became a center for trade and learning?
What was the primary factor that contributed to the Mongols' military success?
What was the primary factor that contributed to the Mongols' military success?
Which term refers to the organized massacres of Jewish communities by Crusaders?
Which term refers to the organized massacres of Jewish communities by Crusaders?
What were the major threats that led to the decline of the Mali Empire?
What were the major threats that led to the decline of the Mali Empire?
Which event directly prompted the launch of the First Crusade?
Which event directly prompted the launch of the First Crusade?
What significant impact did Mansa Musa have on the value of gold?
What significant impact did Mansa Musa have on the value of gold?
What significant impact did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca have on the economies of the regions he visited?
What significant impact did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca have on the economies of the regions he visited?
Which of the following best describes the division that occurred among Muslims after Muhammad's death?
Which of the following best describes the division that occurred among Muslims after Muhammad's death?
What does the term 'caravan' refer to in the context of desert travel?
What does the term 'caravan' refer to in the context of desert travel?
What was the outcome of the Second Crusade led by Christian forces?
What was the outcome of the Second Crusade led by Christian forces?
What form of architecture did Mansa Musa promote in Timbuktu following his return from Mecca?
What form of architecture did Mansa Musa promote in Timbuktu following his return from Mecca?
In which region did the majority of early Islamic conquests occur after Muhammad's death?
In which region did the majority of early Islamic conquests occur after Muhammad's death?
What was the Great Enclosure in Great Zimbabwe?
What was the Great Enclosure in Great Zimbabwe?
What was one of the major contributions of the Umayyad Caliphate to the Islamic world?
What was one of the major contributions of the Umayyad Caliphate to the Islamic world?
How did the Mongolian Empire primarily collapse?
How did the Mongolian Empire primarily collapse?
What role did Ibn Battuta serve during his travels in the 14th century?
What role did Ibn Battuta serve during his travels in the 14th century?
Which of the following best describes the central belief of Buddhism as founded by Siddhartha Gautama?
Which of the following best describes the central belief of Buddhism as founded by Siddhartha Gautama?
What characterized the caste system in Hinduism?
What characterized the caste system in Hinduism?
How did the Mongols' way of life influence their military strategies?
How did the Mongols' way of life influence their military strategies?
What was the primary religious belief that defined Judaism?
What was the primary religious belief that defined Judaism?
What was a significant cultural achievement of the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa?
What was a significant cultural achievement of the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa?
Which of the following best captures the essence of the Five Pillars of Islam?
Which of the following best captures the essence of the Five Pillars of Islam?
What was the main reason for the decline of the Mongol Empire?
What was the main reason for the decline of the Mongol Empire?
What was the main purpose of human sacrifices in Aztec culture?
What was the main purpose of human sacrifices in Aztec culture?
Which of the following was a significant Inca achievement?
Which of the following was a significant Inca achievement?
What was the primary method the Incas used to keep records, given their lack of a writing system?
What was the primary method the Incas used to keep records, given their lack of a writing system?
How did the Aztec and Inca empires differ in terms of their government structure?
How did the Aztec and Inca empires differ in terms of their government structure?
What caused the decline of the Inca Empire in the 1500s?
What caused the decline of the Inca Empire in the 1500s?
Which of the following was NOT a reason for human sacrifices in the Aztec culture?
Which of the following was NOT a reason for human sacrifices in the Aztec culture?
Which crop management technique was primarily used by the Andean cultures?
Which crop management technique was primarily used by the Andean cultures?
What was the official language of the Inca Empire?
What was the official language of the Inca Empire?
Which architectural feature is attributed to the Inca Empire?
Which architectural feature is attributed to the Inca Empire?
Which element was central to Inca religious practices?
Which element was central to Inca religious practices?
What was a key characteristic of the Aztec political system?
What was a key characteristic of the Aztec political system?
Machu Picchu is often associated with which aspect of Inca culture?
Machu Picchu is often associated with which aspect of Inca culture?
Which aspect of education was compulsory in the Inca Empire?
Which aspect of education was compulsory in the Inca Empire?
What was the main consequence of the Spanish arrival in the Inca Empire?
What was the main consequence of the Spanish arrival in the Inca Empire?
What term refers to the Mongolian kingdoms established after Genghis Khan's conquests?
What term refers to the Mongolian kingdoms established after Genghis Khan's conquests?
Which was a significant impact of Pax Mongolia on trade?
Which was a significant impact of Pax Mongolia on trade?
Which of the following accurately describes Genghis Khan's military strategy?
Which of the following accurately describes Genghis Khan's military strategy?
What were the circumstances that led to the Ming Dynasty's rise over the Yuan Dynasty?
What were the circumstances that led to the Ming Dynasty's rise over the Yuan Dynasty?
Which aspect of the Indian Ocean Trade route diminished due to the Mongol conquests?
Which aspect of the Indian Ocean Trade route diminished due to the Mongol conquests?
Which of the following best describes the role of Kublai Khan in the Mongol Empire?
Which of the following best describes the role of Kublai Khan in the Mongol Empire?
What was one of Marco Polo's contributions to the world after his travels?
What was one of Marco Polo's contributions to the world after his travels?
What characterized the Mongols’ treatment of the Chinese under their rule?
What characterized the Mongols’ treatment of the Chinese under their rule?
What was the significance of Tenochtitlan in the Aztec Empire?
What was the significance of Tenochtitlan in the Aztec Empire?
What was the primary economic foundation of the Aztec Empire?
What was the primary economic foundation of the Aztec Empire?
How did the Mongols facilitate the spread of the Bubonic Plague?
How did the Mongols facilitate the spread of the Bubonic Plague?
In what way did the Aztec social structure allow for mobility among classes?
In what way did the Aztec social structure allow for mobility among classes?
What was the primary motivation behind Prince Henry the Navigator's voyages?
What was the primary motivation behind Prince Henry the Navigator's voyages?
What was a key component of Aztec religion?
What was a key component of Aztec religion?
Which explorer is credited with naming the Pacific Ocean?
Which explorer is credited with naming the Pacific Ocean?
What system did the Mongol rulers develop to enhance trade across their empire?
What system did the Mongol rulers develop to enhance trade across their empire?
What significant event did Christopher Columbus undertake in 1492?
What significant event did Christopher Columbus undertake in 1492?
Which of the following best describes the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Which of the following best describes the Treaty of Tordesillas?
What was the main purpose of the Columbian Exchange?
What was the main purpose of the Columbian Exchange?
What helped the Portuguese establish control over West Africa by 1471?
What helped the Portuguese establish control over West Africa by 1471?
What did Vasco Nunez Balboa achieve in 1513?
What did Vasco Nunez Balboa achieve in 1513?
What motivated Hernan Cortes in his invasion of Mexico?
What motivated Hernan Cortes in his invasion of Mexico?
Which factor led to the spread of smallpox among the Aztecs during Cortes's invasion?
Which factor led to the spread of smallpox among the Aztecs during Cortes's invasion?
What was a key characteristic of the Caravel ship developed during the Age of Exploration?
What was a key characteristic of the Caravel ship developed during the Age of Exploration?
Who led the first successful European invasion of the Inca Empire?
Who led the first successful European invasion of the Inca Empire?
What innovation did navigators in the 15th century utilize that significantly aided their exploration?
What innovation did navigators in the 15th century utilize that significantly aided their exploration?
What was the outcome of Spain’s conquests in the early 1500s?
What was the outcome of Spain’s conquests in the early 1500s?
How did the motivations of explorers often align with the concept of 'Gold, God, and Glory'?
How did the motivations of explorers often align with the concept of 'Gold, God, and Glory'?
What was a primary reason for the rapid spread of Islam after Muhammad's death?
What was a primary reason for the rapid spread of Islam after Muhammad's death?
Which event marked the beginning of the Crusades?
Which event marked the beginning of the Crusades?
What was the outcome of the Second Crusade?
What was the outcome of the Second Crusade?
What did Mansa Musa achieve during his reign in the Mali Empire?
What did Mansa Musa achieve during his reign in the Mali Empire?
What was the purpose of the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?
What was the purpose of the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?
How did the Mongols contribute to trade during their rule?
How did the Mongols contribute to trade during their rule?
What significant development occurred within the Islamic Empire during the Umayyad Caliphate?
What significant development occurred within the Islamic Empire during the Umayyad Caliphate?
What is the primary belief that distinguishes Judaism from other monotheistic religions?
What is the primary belief that distinguishes Judaism from other monotheistic religions?
Which statement accurately describes the caste system in Hinduism?
Which statement accurately describes the caste system in Hinduism?
What led to the internal fighting within the Mongol Empire?
What led to the internal fighting within the Mongol Empire?
What ultimately happened to the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade?
What ultimately happened to the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade?
Which principle is central to the beliefs of Hinduism concerning the afterlife?
Which principle is central to the beliefs of Hinduism concerning the afterlife?
What role did women have in Mongol society compared to other contemporary societies?
What role did women have in Mongol society compared to other contemporary societies?
Flashcards
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The successor to the Roman Empire, lasting from the 4th to the 15th centuries.
Sharia Law
Sharia Law
A set of religious and legal principles derived from the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, guiding the daily life of Muslims
Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
The early Muslim caliphate that ruled the Islamic empire from 661 to 750 CE.
Sunni vs. Shiite Conflict
Sunni vs. Shiite Conflict
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Mosque
Mosque
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Who were the Jin Dynasty?
Who were the Jin Dynasty?
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What was the largest human migration in history?
What was the largest human migration in history?
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What are dialects?
What are dialects?
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Who invented the movable type?
Who invented the movable type?
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What is currency?
What is currency?
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What is Neo-Confucianism?
What is Neo-Confucianism?
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What are the Crusades?
What are the Crusades?
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What is a military order?
What is a military order?
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What are some examples of military orders?
What are some examples of military orders?
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What was the impact of the Crusades?
What was the impact of the Crusades?
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What is the Pax Mongolica?
What is the Pax Mongolica?
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What is Afro-Eurasia?
What is Afro-Eurasia?
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What is taxation under the Khans?
What is taxation under the Khans?
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What is the Black Death?
What is the Black Death?
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Feudalism
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The Crusades
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Godfrey of Bouillon
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Saladin
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The Children's Crusade
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Latin East
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Reconquista
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The Rhineland massacre
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Outcomes of The Crusades
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Constantinople
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Seljuks
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Arab Fighting Style
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Abbasid Dynasty
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Silk Road
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Baghdad - Center of Learning
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Abbasid Government
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Abbasid Society
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Islamic Golden Age
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Calligraphy
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Omar Khayyam
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Astrolabe
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Al-Razi
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Algebra
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Tang Dynasty
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Grand Canal
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Song Dynasty
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Filial Piety
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Pogroms
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Caravan
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Trans-Saharan Trade Route
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Importance of Salt in West Africa
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Mali Empire
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Mansa Musa's Hajj
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Timbuktu
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Fall of Ghanaian and Mali Empires
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Ibn Battuta
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Great Zimbabwe
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Great Enclosure
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Shona Sculpture
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Catalan Atlas
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Mongol Empire Legacy
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What was the Mongol Empire?
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What is a Khan?
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What is the Golden Horde?
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Who was Kublai Khan and what were his accomplishments?
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Who was Marco Polo, and what was his contribution?
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Why did the Yuan dynasty collapse?
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What are Khanates?
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Who was Genghis Khan?
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Who were the Mongols before the 13th century?
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What are Gers?
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Why were Horses important to the Mongols?
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How did the Mongol conquests affect the Indian Ocean Trade route?
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How did the Mongols contribute to gunpowder technology?
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How did the Mongols contribute to the Black Death?
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Aztec Belief in the Fifth Sun
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Aztec Astronomy
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Inca Road System
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Andean Agriculture Techniques
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Andean Geoglyphs
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Cuzco, Inca Capital
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Pachacuti, First Inca Ruler
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Inca Centralized Government
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Inca Mita (Labor Tax)
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Mita Fulfillment for Men and Women
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Inca Class Structure
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Inca Empire Decline
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Trade Routes to the East
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Early Slave Trade
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Prince Henry the Navigator's Motives
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Vasco da Gama's Voyage
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Magellan's Voyage
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Columbus's Miscalculation
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
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The Columbian Exchange
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European Exploration in the 1400s
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Motives for Exploration
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Spanish Conquest of the Americas
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Hernan Cortes's Conquest of the Aztecs
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Francisco Pizarro's Conquest of the Incas
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The Conquistadors
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Who is Muhammad?
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What is Sharia Law?
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What is a mosque?
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Who are the Caliphs?
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Who were the Umayyad Caliphs?
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What was the Tang Dynasty?
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Who is Siddhartha Gautama?
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What is Samsara?
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What made the Arab armies so successful?
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How did Islam’s view of merchants influence the economy?
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Who were the Abbasids and what were their policies?
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Why was Baghdad considered a city of learning?
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How was the Abbasid government structured?
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Describe Abbasid society and its social mobility.
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What was the Islamic Golden Age known for?
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What was the importance of calligraphy in Islamic culture?
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What was the Grand Canal’s significance to the Tang Dynasty?
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What significant technologies were invented during the Song Dynasty?
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What was the significance of filial piety during the Song Dynasty?
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What was the importance of the Silk Road?
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What was the Mongol Empire’s legacy?
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Why is Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca significant?
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Who established the Jin Dynasty?
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Who invented movable type?
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How did the Khans get revenue?
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What is Feudalism?
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Who were Serfs?
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Prince Henry's Motives
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Columbian Exchange
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New Foods from America to Europe
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European Voyages to Asia
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Renaissance and Exploration
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Gold, God, and Glory
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Prince Henry's School
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Columbus's Journey
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Conquistadors
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What is Manorialism?
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Who were Peasants/Serfs?
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What was the role of The Church?
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Who was Godfrey of Bouillon?
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Who was Saladin?
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What was the Children's Crusade?
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What is the Latin East?
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What was the Reconquista?
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What was the Rhineland Massacre?
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What were the Outcomes of The Crusades?
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Where is Constantinople?
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Who were The Seljuks?
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What are Pogroms?
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What is a Caravan?
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What was the official language of the early Islamic empire?
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Who were the Umayyads?
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Who were the Abbasids?
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What was the importance of Baghdad?
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Who was the Caliph?
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Who is a Qadi?
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What is the Islamic Golden Age?
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What is Calligraphy?
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Who was Omar Khayyam?
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What is an Astrolabe?
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What is Sharia?
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What is the Sunni-Shiite split?
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Who were the Mongols?
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Study Notes
Post-Classical World (600 CE onward)
- The lecture started with Islam (600 CE) skipping over the Greek, Roman, Persian, and early Chinese empires.
- The Byzantine Empire, early/middle Christian kingdoms of Europe (Carolingians), the Tang and Song Dynasties of China, and the Maya Empire in the Americas were covered.
- Islam's rapid expansion, following Muhammad's death in 632 CE, was discussed. His successors unified Arabia, conquering numerous territories in the Middle East and North Africa.
- Sharia is the basis of Islamic law. A mosque is a place of Muslim worship. Caliphs were successors to Muhammad.
- Islam was successful against Byzantium and Persian armies. The Caliphs unified Arabia, becoming a powerful force. Their rule also spread Islam.
- Sunni and Shiite are major divisions in Islam, disagreeing about the succession after the 4th caliph. Sunnis chose Muslim leaders while Shiites wanted a descendant of Muhammad.
- The Umayyad Caliphs ruled Islam from 661-750. This was a Sunni dynasty that wanted to spread Islam. They expanded into Northern Africa and Europe.
- The Islamic Empire, initially tied to Muhammad, transformed into a global empire with Arabic as the official language and a capital in Syria.
- The Abbasid Dynasty, claiming descent from Muhammad's uncle Abbas, replaced the Umayyads. They moved the capital to Baghdad and established centers of learning with libraries and scholars.
Islamic Golden Age
- The period from 744-1258 is known as the Islamic Golden Age.
- Important contributions included the translation of Greek philosophers, Hindu and Buddhist texts.
- Mathematics flourished, with Al-Khwarizmi being a leading figure in creating algebra.
- Medicine saw advancements with physicians and pharmacists requiring tests, and medical professionals traveling to provide rural care.
- Calligraphy became a transformed form of art with quotes from the Quran.
- Omar Khayyam was a poet.
- Scholars used the astrolabe to calculate locations on Earth.
- Al-Razi was a prominent physician and philosopher. Algebra was created in this period.
Abbasid Dynasty
- Baghdad, located on the Tigris River, became a major center of learning during the Abbasid rule.
- Abbasids allowed non-Arab Muslims to have equal status with Arab Muslims. They also eased restrictions on other religions including Jews and Christians.
- The caliph oversaw the military, government, and courts with judges called qadis enforcing Islamic law (Sharia).
- Abbasid society generally allowed social mobility and conversion to Islam; even slaves could gain freedom.
Silk Road
- The Silk Road, an ancient trade route across Asia, was a key conduit for trade, with the Tang and Song Dynasties seeing its peak. It connected Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an) with locations across Central Asia.
- Merchants traveled for months in caravans with goods such as silk, paper, iron, bronze for horses, gold, silver, and olive oil. Nomadic traders also played a central role in the overall network.
- Spreading ideas, languages, and religions, including Buddhism, through the network and with diverse cultural exchanges.
Tang and Song Dynasties
- The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) and Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) were golden ages for China.
- The Tang Dynasty extended China's influence, peaking during the Silk Road.
- Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was a thriving cosmopolitan center with diverse populations.
- The Grand Canal, a significant water project, linked the economies of North and South China.
- The Song Dynasty was the wealthiest dynasty and marked an age of high culture with innovations in printing, calligraphy. Movable type and paper money were invented, and the compass was refined.
- Civil service exams, based on Confucianism, replaced the basis of job selection from favoritism.
- The Song Dynasty's bureaucracy outlived the dynasty and influenced subsequent Chinese governments.
- Iron production during the Song Dynasty surpassed that of the 18th century.
- Porcelain, lighter and thinner than prior pottery, became highly regarded, and was the source for the term “chinaware”.
- Filial piety (honoring ancestors) was especially important during the Song era.
- Increased trade led to the development of “flying cash” and paper money to meet the needs of trade in the Tang dynasty.
- The Song military employed gunpowder in bamboo "fire lances" .
Rise of the Song Dynasty
- The Song Dynasty was a period of prosperity and richness in China, one of the wealthiest societies in the world from 976-1142.
Mongol Empire
- The Mongol Empire, the second largest in history, controlled a large swath of Eurasia (1206-1277).
- Genghis Khan united Mongol tribes and created a vast military force.
- The Mongols emphasized skilled horse riding, archery, and mobility.
- The Yam system was a crucial set of relay stations used by the Mongols for communication across their empire.
- The Pax Mongolica (13-14th centuries) was associated with peace, trade. and stability across Eurasia.
Aztecs
- The Aztec Empire (1250-1521) emerged in modern-day Mexico.
- Based on legend, they settled in Tenochtitlan, on an island in Lake Texcoco.
- Alliances and conquest led to widespread rule over many city-states.
- The empire was wealthy due to conquered peoples' tribute and trade.
- Tenochtitlan, a major city with population of 80,000-250,000 people, was significant.
- Human sacrifice was a key aspect of Aztec religion and practice.
- The Aztecs had skilled writers who used glyphs (symbols), astronomers, educators who formed a compulsory education system for boys and girls.
- The empire was not always unified which led to problems in the system.
Incas
- The Inca Empire (1438-1533), located in modern-day Bolivia.
- Expansion through military conquest and alliances.
- Forced labor (Mita) and language were important elements of maintaining control.
- The Inca kept control through resettlement, loyalty to the state, and tribute.
- Cuzco was the main capital; the empire also had Machu Picchu.
- The Inca had a very central government.
- A quipu was used to keep records in place of written documents.
The Crusades / Europe in the Middle Ages
- The Crusades (1096-1270) were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims to reclaim the Holy Land.
- The Church had significant power.
- Feudalism was a social hierarchy with kings, lords, knights, and serfs.
- Manorialism was the centered economy around a lord's estate.
- The fall of the Western Roman Empire was followed by the growth of kingdoms and subsequent frequent warfare amongst each other.
- The Crusades both weakened and strengthened the power of the monarchs. They also led to expansions of trade throughout the Middle East, and also a greater view of the world for Europeans.
West African Kingdoms (Mali Empire/Mansa Musa)
- The Trans-Saharan trade routes connected North Africa and West Africa.
- Camels were crucial to travel across the Sahara Desert.
- Important items traded included gold, ivory, salt, and slaves.
- The Mali Empire, with Mansa Musa as its leader, was incredibly wealthy due to the trans-Saharan trade.
- Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca, taking many people and a huge amount of gold which negatively affected the value of gold in other countries from that time frame
Indian Ocean/East African Trade
- East Africa had important trade networks across the Indian Ocean trade routes.
- Dhows, a specific type of sailing vessel with triangular sails, dominated the trade routes to East Africa.
- Sultanates controlled trade in East Africa.
- Ethiopia was a Christian society who kept its Christianity separate from neighboring Muslim societies, often trading with them.
The Black Death
- The Black Death, a Bubonic plague, decimated populations in Afro-Eurasia (1347-1351) especially in Europe.
- It spread along trade routes, including the Silk Road, as interconnected by the Mongol Empire.
- The Mongol Empire's collapse was one of the factors.
- The plague's results negatively impacted trade and affected all aspects of society. The plague impacted social structure and the rise of a middle class.
- The black death indirectly led to the beginning of the Renaissance.
European Exploration and Colonization
- Increased demand for eastern goods like spices fueled European exploration.
- Motivations for exploration were "Gold, God, and Glory."
- Prince Henry the Navigator is a significant figure who founded a school for explorers to help create new naval vessels including the caravel.
- Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492 led to European contact with the Americas.
- The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) delineated the territorial possessions of Spain and Portugal to prevent conflict.
- The Columbian Exchange was a significant exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and Europe.
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Test your knowledge on the significant actions taken by the Umayyad Caliphs following Muhammad's death. This quiz covers key events, divisions in Islam, and the official language during their reign. Explore the impact of these early leaders on the Islamic Empire.
