Islam in the Modern Period

Week 1: Where Did Islam Begin?

• Interest in Islam in the West has increased in recent decades due to various factors, including:
  • Oil boom in the 1970s-1980s, which led to growth in Middle Eastern economies and trade negotiations.
  • Growing cultural diversity in Western societies, with increasing presence of Muslims.
  • Security concerns and terrorism, such as the 9/11 attacks.
• Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, with 1.8 billion Muslims globally, making up 24% of the global population.
• Most Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (62%).
• Issues of interest in the study of Islam in the West include:
  • Islam and modernity: tensions between traditional and modern values.
  • Engagement with cultural and religious diversity: need for harmonious relationships.
  • Unity and diversity of Muslim communities: culturally and linguistically diverse, with different levels of piety and sectarian differences.

Week 2: Muhammad

• Muhammad was a prophet who received God's final revelation and established one of the world's greatest religious traditions.
• Key points about Muhammad's life:
  • Born in Mecca in 570/571 CE.
  • Member of the Quraysh tribe.
  • Raised by paternal uncle Abu Talib.
  • Worked in the caravan trade.
  • Married wealthy widow Khadijah.
  • Received the first revelations at 40 years old.
• Muslims venerate Muhammad as a prophet and a model of moral behavior.
• Muhammad's message was unique, challenging the religious status quo and creating a new community based on shared faith.

Week 3: The Quran

• The Quran is Islam's primary text, considered the word of God.
• How the Quran came about:
  • Revealed to Muhammad over 23 years.
  • Compiled into a book after Muhammad's death.
  • Uses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
  • Speech of God in Arabic.
• The Quran's structure:
  • Not structured thematically or chronologically.
  • Longest chapters at the start.
  • Chapters can be categorized by whether they were revealed in Mecca or Medina.
• Approaches to interpreting the Quran:
  • Literalist: focuses on literal meaning of the text.
  • Contextual: takes into account the context during the revelation.
• The Quran's influence on Muslim daily life:
  • Governs public and private spheres of life.
  • Used in various aspects of life, such as prayer, healing, and calligraphy.

Week 4: Sharia and Islamic Law

• Sharia is not just about law, but also covers beliefs, ethical norms, rules, and regulations.
• After the prophet's death, Sharia developed as a body of law.
• Sharia consists of:
  • Beliefs.
  • Ethical norms.
  • Rules.
  • Regulations.
  • Laws.
• Examples of areas of interest to Sharia:
  • Ibadat (rules and regulations associated with worship).
  • Mu amalat (transactions).
  • Hudud and related matters (matters associated with crimes).
• Sharia's development:
  • An organized system of laws and rules was needed to govern the growing Muslim community.
  • The Quran only contains a small number of legal or law-related verses.
  • Sources of Sharia include the Quran, Sunnah, consensus, and analogical reasoning.
• Emergence of different schools of law or madhabs:
  • Hanafi.
  • Hanbali.
  • Maliki.
  • Shafi'i.
  • Ja'fari (Shia).

Week 5: Jihad, Fighting, and Violence

• Jihad means "struggle" or "striving for" and can take different forms.
• Different types of jihad:
  • Jihad of the self (jihad al nafs).
  • Jihad of wealth (jihad al mal).
  • Armed jihad (jihad in the way of God).
• Quranic texts:
  • The Quran does not encourage Muslim states to take part in aggressive wars.
  • Politically and contextually determined.
• Rules to regulate engagement:
  • Non-combatants should not be killed.
  • Force only used to the extent needed.
  • Women and children should not be killed.
  • Rules about how prisoners of war should be treated.
• Modern developments:
  • Militant interpretations of jihad.
  • New definitions of jihad.
  • Suicide bombing.
  • Peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Week 6: Sunnism and Shi'ism

• Who are the Sunni and Shia?
  • Sunni: followers of the prophet's practice (Sunnah).
  • Shia: followers of the prophet's family (Ahl al bayt).
• How did the Sunni and Shia divide occur?
  • Soon after the prophet's death.
  • Dispute over the question of succession.
  • Gradually, Abu Bakr was nominated leader.
• Historical periods of Sunni and Shia rule:
  • Sunni have always ruled over Shia.
  • Major Muslim caliphates and empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans were all Sunni.
• How are Sunni and Shia similar?
  • Both are Muslim.
  • Both read and follow the same Quran.
  • Both believe the prophet Muhammad was the messenger of God.
  • Both follow the 5 pillars of Islam.
• How are Sunni and Shia different?
  • Different practices and traditions.
  • Different interpretations of Islamic law and theology.
  • Different leadership and authority structures.### Prayer and Shia-Sunni Differences
• Shia Muslims pray three times a day, combining five prayers, while Sunni Muslims pray five times a day, separating the prayers.
• Shia Imams are central to Shia religious authority, whereas Sunni Muslims do not recognize such a hierarchy.
• Shia Muslims venerate Imams and visit their shrines, which is seen as problematic by many Sunni Muslims.

Religious Hierarchy and Mosques

• Shia mosques often carry the names of the Prophet's descendants, and some Shia mosques display photos of religious figures.
• Sunni mosques, on the other hand, typically have the names of the first four Caliphs, and no photos are displayed.

Law and Governance

• Each branch of Islam has its own distinct schools of law.
• Shia Muslims have a theory of the "Guardianship of the Jurists" (Khomeini), which holds that only an Islamic government can implement Sharia law, and that the Islamic state must be governed by jurists in the absence of the 12th Imam.

Sectarian Conflict

• There is a deep divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims in many parts of the world, leading to violence and conflict.
• Examples of this conflict can be seen in Lebanon, Iraq, and Bahrain, where Sunni and Shia populations live separately and tensions run high.

Sufism

• Sufism is a mystical/spiritual trend in Islam that seeks to discipline the mind and body to directly experience the presence of God.
• Sufism emphasizes individual spiritual effort, self-sacrifice, discipline, and purification.
• Sufis can be Sunni or Shia, and come from different social classes, genders, and cultures.

Development of Sufism

• Sufism evolved as a response to the materialism and wealth of Muslim societies after the Prophet's death.
• By the 4th century of Islam (10th century CE), Sufism began to consolidate and spread.
• Sufi masters and Sufi orders emerged, characterizing the Sufi path and stations or stopping places along the Sufi path.

Influential Sufi Figures

• Al-Ghazali (died 1111 CE) was a prominent Sufi figure who focused on the spiritualization of Islamic thought and practice.
• Ibn Arabi (13th century CE) was a scholar and philosopher who wrote extensively on mysticism.
• Rumi (13th century CE) believed in the importance of goodness and charity, and emphasized the use of poetry, music, and dance as a path to God.

Criticism of Sufism

• Sufism has faced opposition and criticism, particularly from Salafis and modernists who view Sufi practices as innovations or un-Islamic.

Caliphate

• A caliphate is an institution for the governance of Muslims, with the Arabic term "khilafah" used in the Quran.
• The first caliphate began with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 630 CE, and the last caliphate ended in 1924.
• The caliph's role is to provide political and military leadership, as well as some degree of religious leadership.

Historical Caliphates

• The Rightly Guided Caliphate (632-661 CE) was marked by the rule of the first four Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
• The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) was a period of growing divisions in the Muslim world and civil war.
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) was a golden era of knowledge creation and learning.
• The Ottoman Empire Caliphate (end of caliphate) was the last Sunni caliphate, established in the 14th century and ended in the 20th century with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1924.

Debates on Caliphate

• There are different ideas about what a caliphate means today, ranging from a single Muslim state where Sharia is applied to a pan-Islamic polity made up of a host of smaller states.
• Some modern Muslim thinkers, such as Fazlur Rahman and Khaled Abou El Fadl, propose alternatives to a caliphate, emphasizing equality, social justice, and democracy.

ISIS and the Establishment of a Caliphate

• In 2014, ISIS declared a caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi naming himself caliph.
• ISIS implemented a form of Sharia law, enforcing traditional Islamic laws and punishments.
• The Muslim community reacted to ISIS with a mix of positive and negative responses.

Week 1: Where Did Islam Begin?

• Interest in Islam in the West has increased in recent decades due to various factors, including:
  • Oil boom in the 1970s-1980s, which led to growth in Middle Eastern economies and trade negotiations.
  • Growing cultural diversity in Western societies, with increasing presence of Muslims.
  • Security concerns and terrorism, such as the 9/11 attacks.
• Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, with 1.8 billion Muslims globally, making up 24% of the global population.
• Most Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (62%).
• Issues of interest in the study of Islam in the West include:
  • Islam and modernity: tensions between traditional and modern values.
  • Engagement with cultural and religious diversity: need for harmonious relationships.
  • Unity and diversity of Muslim communities: culturally and linguistically diverse, with different levels of piety and sectarian differences.

Week 2: Muhammad

• Muhammad was a prophet who received God's final revelation and established one of the world's greatest religious traditions.
• Key points about Muhammad's life:
  • Born in Mecca in 570/571 CE.
  • Member of the Quraysh tribe.
  • Raised by paternal uncle Abu Talib.
  • Worked in the caravan trade.
  • Married wealthy widow Khadijah.
  • Received the first revelations at 40 years old.
• Muslims venerate Muhammad as a prophet and a model of moral behavior.
• Muhammad's message was unique, challenging the religious status quo and creating a new community based on shared faith.

Week 3: The Quran

• The Quran is Islam's primary text, considered the word of God.
• How the Quran came about:
  • Revealed to Muhammad over 23 years.
  • Compiled into a book after Muhammad's death.
  • Uses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
  • Speech of God in Arabic.
• The Quran's structure:
  • Not structured thematically or chronologically.
  • Longest chapters at the start.
  • Chapters can be categorized by whether they were revealed in Mecca or Medina.
• Approaches to interpreting the Quran:
  • Literalist: focuses on literal meaning of the text.
  • Contextual: takes into account the context during the revelation.
• The Quran's influence on Muslim daily life:
  • Governs public and private spheres of life.
  • Used in various aspects of life, such as prayer, healing, and calligraphy.

Week 4: Sharia and Islamic Law

• Sharia is not just about law, but also covers beliefs, ethical norms, rules, and regulations.
• After the prophet's death, Sharia developed as a body of law.
• Sharia consists of:
  • Beliefs.
  • Ethical norms.
  • Rules.
  • Regulations.
  • Laws.
• Examples of areas of interest to Sharia:
  • Ibadat (rules and regulations associated with worship).
  • Mu amalat (transactions).
  • Hudud and related matters (matters associated with crimes).
• Sharia's development:
  • An organized system of laws and rules was needed to govern the growing Muslim community.
  • The Quran only contains a small number of legal or law-related verses.
  • Sources of Sharia include the Quran, Sunnah, consensus, and analogical reasoning.
• Emergence of different schools of law or madhabs:
  • Hanafi.
  • Hanbali.
  • Maliki.
  • Shafi'i.
  • Ja'fari (Shia).

Week 5: Jihad, Fighting, and Violence

• Jihad means "struggle" or "striving for" and can take different forms.
• Different types of jihad:
  • Jihad of the self (jihad al nafs).
  • Jihad of wealth (jihad al mal).
  • Armed jihad (jihad in the way of God).
• Quranic texts:
  • The Quran does not encourage Muslim states to take part in aggressive wars.
  • Politically and contextually determined.
• Rules to regulate engagement:
  • Non-combatants should not be killed.
  • Force only used to the extent needed.
  • Women and children should not be killed.
  • Rules about how prisoners of war should be treated.
• Modern developments:
  • Militant interpretations of jihad.
  • New definitions of jihad.
  • Suicide bombing.
  • Peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Week 6: Sunnism and Shi'ism

• Who are the Sunni and Shia?
  • Sunni: followers of the prophet's practice (Sunnah).
  • Shia: followers of the prophet's family (Ahl al bayt).
• How did the Sunni and Shia divide occur?
  • Soon after the prophet's death.
  • Dispute over the question of succession.
  • Gradually, Abu Bakr was nominated leader.
• Historical periods of Sunni and Shia rule:
  • Sunni have always ruled over Shia.
  • Major Muslim caliphates and empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans were all Sunni.
• How are Sunni and Shia similar?
  • Both are Muslim.
  • Both read and follow the same Quran.
  • Both believe the prophet Muhammad was the messenger of God.
  • Both follow the 5 pillars of Islam.
• How are Sunni and Shia different?
  • Different practices and traditions.
  • Different interpretations of Islamic law and theology.
  • Different leadership and authority structures.### Prayer and Shia-Sunni Differences
• Shia Muslims pray three times a day, combining five prayers, while Sunni Muslims pray five times a day, separating the prayers.
• Shia Imams are central to Shia religious authority, whereas Sunni Muslims do not recognize such a hierarchy.
• Shia Muslims venerate Imams and visit their shrines, which is seen as problematic by many Sunni Muslims.

Religious Hierarchy and Mosques

• Shia mosques often carry the names of the Prophet's descendants, and some Shia mosques display photos of religious figures.
• Sunni mosques, on the other hand, typically have the names of the first four Caliphs, and no photos are displayed.

Law and Governance

• Each branch of Islam has its own distinct schools of law.
• Shia Muslims have a theory of the "Guardianship of the Jurists" (Khomeini), which holds that only an Islamic government can implement Sharia law, and that the Islamic state must be governed by jurists in the absence of the 12th Imam.

Sectarian Conflict

• There is a deep divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims in many parts of the world, leading to violence and conflict.
• Examples of this conflict can be seen in Lebanon, Iraq, and Bahrain, where Sunni and Shia populations live separately and tensions run high.

Sufism

• Sufism is a mystical/spiritual trend in Islam that seeks to discipline the mind and body to directly experience the presence of God.
• Sufism emphasizes individual spiritual effort, self-sacrifice, discipline, and purification.
• Sufis can be Sunni or Shia, and come from different social classes, genders, and cultures.

Development of Sufism

• Sufism evolved as a response to the materialism and wealth of Muslim societies after the Prophet's death.
• By the 4th century of Islam (10th century CE), Sufism began to consolidate and spread.
• Sufi masters and Sufi orders emerged, characterizing the Sufi path and stations or stopping places along the Sufi path.

Influential Sufi Figures

• Al-Ghazali (died 1111 CE) was a prominent Sufi figure who focused on the spiritualization of Islamic thought and practice.
• Ibn Arabi (13th century CE) was a scholar and philosopher who wrote extensively on mysticism.
• Rumi (13th century CE) believed in the importance of goodness and charity, and emphasized the use of poetry, music, and dance as a path to God.

Criticism of Sufism

• Sufism has faced opposition and criticism, particularly from Salafis and modernists who view Sufi practices as innovations or un-Islamic.

Caliphate

• A caliphate is an institution for the governance of Muslims, with the Arabic term "khilafah" used in the Quran.
• The first caliphate began with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 630 CE, and the last caliphate ended in 1924.
• The caliph's role is to provide political and military leadership, as well as some degree of religious leadership.

Historical Caliphates

• The Rightly Guided Caliphate (632-661 CE) was marked by the rule of the first four Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
• The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) was a period of growing divisions in the Muslim world and civil war.
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) was a golden era of knowledge creation and learning.
• The Ottoman Empire Caliphate (end of caliphate) was the last Sunni caliphate, established in the 14th century and ended in the 20th century with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1924.

Debates on Caliphate

• There are different ideas about what a caliphate means today, ranging from a single Muslim state where Sharia is applied to a pan-Islamic polity made up of a host of smaller states.
• Some modern Muslim thinkers, such as Fazlur Rahman and Khaled Abou El Fadl, propose alternatives to a caliphate, emphasizing equality, social justice, and democracy.

ISIS and the Establishment of a Caliphate

• In 2014, ISIS declared a caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi naming himself caliph.
• ISIS implemented a form of Sharia law, enforcing traditional Islamic laws and punishments.
• The Muslim community reacted to ISIS with a mix of positive and negative responses.

Week 1: Where Did Islam Begin?

• Interest in Islam in the West has increased in recent decades due to various factors, including:
  • Oil boom in the 1970s-1980s, which led to growth in Middle Eastern economies and trade negotiations.
  • Growing cultural diversity in Western societies, with increasing presence of Muslims.
  • Security concerns and terrorism, such as the 9/11 attacks.
• Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, with 1.8 billion Muslims globally, making up 24% of the global population.
• Most Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (62%).
• Issues of interest in the study of Islam in the West include:
  • Islam and modernity: tensions between traditional and modern values.
  • Engagement with cultural and religious diversity: need for harmonious relationships.
  • Unity and diversity of Muslim communities: culturally and linguistically diverse, with different levels of piety and sectarian differences.

Week 2: Muhammad

• Muhammad was a prophet who received God's final revelation and established one of the world's greatest religious traditions.
• Key points about Muhammad's life:
  • Born in Mecca in 570/571 CE.
  • Member of the Quraysh tribe.
  • Raised by paternal uncle Abu Talib.
  • Worked in the caravan trade.
  • Married wealthy widow Khadijah.
  • Received the first revelations at 40 years old.
• Muslims venerate Muhammad as a prophet and a model of moral behavior.
• Muhammad's message was unique, challenging the religious status quo and creating a new community based on shared faith.

Week 3: The Quran

• The Quran is Islam's primary text, considered the word of God.
• How the Quran came about:
  • Revealed to Muhammad over 23 years.
  • Compiled into a book after Muhammad's death.
  • Uses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
  • Speech of God in Arabic.
• The Quran's structure:
  • Not structured thematically or chronologically.
  • Longest chapters at the start.
  • Chapters can be categorized by whether they were revealed in Mecca or Medina.
• Approaches to interpreting the Quran:
  • Literalist: focuses on literal meaning of the text.
  • Contextual: takes into account the context during the revelation.
• The Quran's influence on Muslim daily life:
  • Governs public and private spheres of life.
  • Used in various aspects of life, such as prayer, healing, and calligraphy.

Week 4: Sharia and Islamic Law

• Sharia is not just about law, but also covers beliefs, ethical norms, rules, and regulations.
• After the prophet's death, Sharia developed as a body of law.
• Sharia consists of:
  • Beliefs.
  • Ethical norms.
  • Rules.
  • Regulations.
  • Laws.
• Examples of areas of interest to Sharia:
  • Ibadat (rules and regulations associated with worship).
  • Mu amalat (transactions).
  • Hudud and related matters (matters associated with crimes).
• Sharia's development:
  • An organized system of laws and rules was needed to govern the growing Muslim community.
  • The Quran only contains a small number of legal or law-related verses.
  • Sources of Sharia include the Quran, Sunnah, consensus, and analogical reasoning.
• Emergence of different schools of law or madhabs:
  • Hanafi.
  • Hanbali.
  • Maliki.
  • Shafi'i.
  • Ja'fari (Shia).

Week 5: Jihad, Fighting, and Violence

• Jihad means "struggle" or "striving for" and can take different forms.
• Different types of jihad:
  • Jihad of the self (jihad al nafs).
  • Jihad of wealth (jihad al mal).
  • Armed jihad (jihad in the way of God).
• Quranic texts:
  • The Quran does not encourage Muslim states to take part in aggressive wars.
  • Politically and contextually determined.
• Rules to regulate engagement:
  • Non-combatants should not be killed.
  • Force only used to the extent needed.
  • Women and children should not be killed.
  • Rules about how prisoners of war should be treated.
• Modern developments:
  • Militant interpretations of jihad.
  • New definitions of jihad.
  • Suicide bombing.
  • Peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Week 6: Sunnism and Shi'ism

• Who are the Sunni and Shia?
  • Sunni: followers of the prophet's practice (Sunnah).
  • Shia: followers of the prophet's family (Ahl al bayt).
• How did the Sunni and Shia divide occur?
  • Soon after the prophet's death.
  • Dispute over the question of succession.
  • Gradually, Abu Bakr was nominated leader.
• Historical periods of Sunni and Shia rule:
  • Sunni have always ruled over Shia.
  • Major Muslim caliphates and empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans were all Sunni.
• How are Sunni and Shia similar?
  • Both are Muslim.
  • Both read and follow the same Quran.
  • Both believe the prophet Muhammad was the messenger of God.
  • Both follow the 5 pillars of Islam.
• How are Sunni and Shia different?
  • Different practices and traditions.
  • Different interpretations of Islamic law and theology.
  • Different leadership and authority structures.### Prayer and Shia-Sunni Differences
• Shia Muslims pray three times a day, combining five prayers, while Sunni Muslims pray five times a day, separating the prayers.
• Shia Imams are central to Shia religious authority, whereas Sunni Muslims do not recognize such a hierarchy.
• Shia Muslims venerate Imams and visit their shrines, which is seen as problematic by many Sunni Muslims.

Religious Hierarchy and Mosques

• Shia mosques often carry the names of the Prophet's descendants, and some Shia mosques display photos of religious figures.
• Sunni mosques, on the other hand, typically have the names of the first four Caliphs, and no photos are displayed.

Law and Governance

• Each branch of Islam has its own distinct schools of law.
• Shia Muslims have a theory of the "Guardianship of the Jurists" (Khomeini), which holds that only an Islamic government can implement Sharia law, and that the Islamic state must be governed by jurists in the absence of the 12th Imam.

Sectarian Conflict

• There is a deep divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims in many parts of the world, leading to violence and conflict.
• Examples of this conflict can be seen in Lebanon, Iraq, and Bahrain, where Sunni and Shia populations live separately and tensions run high.

Sufism

• Sufism is a mystical/spiritual trend in Islam that seeks to discipline the mind and body to directly experience the presence of God.
• Sufism emphasizes individual spiritual effort, self-sacrifice, discipline, and purification.
• Sufis can be Sunni or Shia, and come from different social classes, genders, and cultures.

Development of Sufism

• Sufism evolved as a response to the materialism and wealth of Muslim societies after the Prophet's death.
• By the 4th century of Islam (10th century CE), Sufism began to consolidate and spread.
• Sufi masters and Sufi orders emerged, characterizing the Sufi path and stations or stopping places along the Sufi path.

Influential Sufi Figures

• Al-Ghazali (died 1111 CE) was a prominent Sufi figure who focused on the spiritualization of Islamic thought and practice.
• Ibn Arabi (13th century CE) was a scholar and philosopher who wrote extensively on mysticism.
• Rumi (13th century CE) believed in the importance of goodness and charity, and emphasized the use of poetry, music, and dance as a path to God.

Criticism of Sufism

• Sufism has faced opposition and criticism, particularly from Salafis and modernists who view Sufi practices as innovations or un-Islamic.

Caliphate

• A caliphate is an institution for the governance of Muslims, with the Arabic term "khilafah" used in the Quran.
• The first caliphate began with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 630 CE, and the last caliphate ended in 1924.
• The caliph's role is to provide political and military leadership, as well as some degree of religious leadership.

Historical Caliphates

• The Rightly Guided Caliphate (632-661 CE) was marked by the rule of the first four Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
• The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) was a period of growing divisions in the Muslim world and civil war.
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) was a golden era of knowledge creation and learning.
• The Ottoman Empire Caliphate (end of caliphate) was the last Sunni caliphate, established in the 14th century and ended in the 20th century with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1924.

Debates on Caliphate

• There are different ideas about what a caliphate means today, ranging from a single Muslim state where Sharia is applied to a pan-Islamic polity made up of a host of smaller states.
• Some modern Muslim thinkers, such as Fazlur Rahman and Khaled Abou El Fadl, propose alternatives to a caliphate, emphasizing equality, social justice, and democracy.

ISIS and the Establishment of a Caliphate

• In 2014, ISIS declared a caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi naming himself caliph.
• ISIS implemented a form of Sharia law, enforcing traditional Islamic laws and punishments.
• The Muslim community reacted to ISIS with a mix of positive and negative responses.

Week 1: Where Did Islam Begin?

• Interest in Islam in the West has increased in recent decades due to various factors, including:
  • Oil boom in the 1970s-1980s, which led to growth in Middle Eastern economies and trade negotiations.
  • Growing cultural diversity in Western societies, with increasing presence of Muslims.
  • Security concerns and terrorism, such as the 9/11 attacks.
• Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, with 1.8 billion Muslims globally, making up 24% of the global population.
• Most Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (62%).
• Issues of interest in the study of Islam in the West include:
  • Islam and modernity: tensions between traditional and modern values.
  • Engagement with cultural and religious diversity: need for harmonious relationships.
  • Unity and diversity of Muslim communities: culturally and linguistically diverse, with different levels of piety and sectarian differences.

Week 2: Muhammad

• Muhammad was a prophet who received God's final revelation and established one of the world's greatest religious traditions.
• Key points about Muhammad's life:
  • Born in Mecca in 570/571 CE.
  • Member of the Quraysh tribe.
  • Raised by paternal uncle Abu Talib.
  • Worked in the caravan trade.
  • Married wealthy widow Khadijah.
  • Received the first revelations at 40 years old.
• Muslims venerate Muhammad as a prophet and a model of moral behavior.
• Muhammad's message was unique, challenging the religious status quo and creating a new community based on shared faith.

Week 3: The Quran

• The Quran is Islam's primary text, considered the word of God.
• How the Quran came about:
  • Revealed to Muhammad over 23 years.
  • Compiled into a book after Muhammad's death.
  • Uses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
  • Speech of God in Arabic.
• The Quran's structure:
  • Not structured thematically or chronologically.
  • Longest chapters at the start.
  • Chapters can be categorized by whether they were revealed in Mecca or Medina.
• Approaches to interpreting the Quran:
  • Literalist: focuses on literal meaning of the text.
  • Contextual: takes into account the context during the revelation.
• The Quran's influence on Muslim daily life:
  • Governs public and private spheres of life.
  • Used in various aspects of life, such as prayer, healing, and calligraphy.

Week 4: Sharia and Islamic Law

• Sharia is not just about law, but also covers beliefs, ethical norms, rules, and regulations.
• After the prophet's death, Sharia developed as a body of law.
• Sharia consists of:
  • Beliefs.
  • Ethical norms.
  • Rules.
  • Regulations.
  • Laws.
• Examples of areas of interest to Sharia:
  • Ibadat (rules and regulations associated with worship).
  • Mu amalat (transactions).
  • Hudud and related matters (matters associated with crimes).
• Sharia's development:
  • An organized system of laws and rules was needed to govern the growing Muslim community.
  • The Quran only contains a small number of legal or law-related verses.
  • Sources of Sharia include the Quran, Sunnah, consensus, and analogical reasoning.
• Emergence of different schools of law or madhabs:
  • Hanafi.
  • Hanbali.
  • Maliki.
  • Shafi'i.
  • Ja'fari (Shia).

Week 5: Jihad, Fighting, and Violence

• Jihad means "struggle" or "striving for" and can take different forms.
• Different types of jihad:
  • Jihad of the self (jihad al nafs).
  • Jihad of wealth (jihad al mal).
  • Armed jihad (jihad in the way of God).
• Quranic texts:
  • The Quran does not encourage Muslim states to take part in aggressive wars.
  • Politically and contextually determined.
• Rules to regulate engagement:
  • Non-combatants should not be killed.
  • Force only used to the extent needed.
  • Women and children should not be killed.
  • Rules about how prisoners of war should be treated.
• Modern developments:
  • Militant interpretations of jihad.
  • New definitions of jihad.
  • Suicide bombing.
  • Peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Week 6: Sunnism and Shi'ism

• Who are the Sunni and Shia?
  • Sunni: followers of the prophet's practice (Sunnah).
  • Shia: followers of the prophet's family (Ahl al bayt).
• How did the Sunni and Shia divide occur?
  • Soon after the prophet's death.
  • Dispute over the question of succession.
  • Gradually, Abu Bakr was nominated leader.
• Historical periods of Sunni and Shia rule:
  • Sunni have always ruled over Shia.
  • Major Muslim caliphates and empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans were all Sunni.
• How are Sunni and Shia similar?
  • Both are Muslim.
  • Both read and follow the same Quran.
  • Both believe the prophet Muhammad was the messenger of God.
  • Both follow the 5 pillars of Islam.
• How are Sunni and Shia different?
  • Different practices and traditions.
  • Different interpretations of Islamic law and theology.
  • Different leadership and authority structures.### Prayer and Shia-Sunni Differences
• Shia Muslims pray three times a day, combining five prayers, while Sunni Muslims pray five times a day, separating the prayers.
• Shia Imams are central to Shia religious authority, whereas Sunni Muslims do not recognize such a hierarchy.
• Shia Muslims venerate Imams and visit their shrines, which is seen as problematic by many Sunni Muslims.

Religious Hierarchy and Mosques

• Shia mosques often carry the names of the Prophet's descendants, and some Shia mosques display photos of religious figures.
• Sunni mosques, on the other hand, typically have the names of the first four Caliphs, and no photos are displayed.

Law and Governance

• Each branch of Islam has its own distinct schools of law.
• Shia Muslims have a theory of the "Guardianship of the Jurists" (Khomeini), which holds that only an Islamic government can implement Sharia law, and that the Islamic state must be governed by jurists in the absence of the 12th Imam.

Sectarian Conflict

• There is a deep divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims in many parts of the world, leading to violence and conflict.
• Examples of this conflict can be seen in Lebanon, Iraq, and Bahrain, where Sunni and Shia populations live separately and tensions run high.

Sufism

• Sufism is a mystical/spiritual trend in Islam that seeks to discipline the mind and body to directly experience the presence of God.
• Sufism emphasizes individual spiritual effort, self-sacrifice, discipline, and purification.
• Sufis can be Sunni or Shia, and come from different social classes, genders, and cultures.

Development of Sufism

• Sufism evolved as a response to the materialism and wealth of Muslim societies after the Prophet's death.
• By the 4th century of Islam (10th century CE), Sufism began to consolidate and spread.
• Sufi masters and Sufi orders emerged, characterizing the Sufi path and stations or stopping places along the Sufi path.

Influential Sufi Figures

• Al-Ghazali (died 1111 CE) was a prominent Sufi figure who focused on the spiritualization of Islamic thought and practice.
• Ibn Arabi (13th century CE) was a scholar and philosopher who wrote extensively on mysticism.
• Rumi (13th century CE) believed in the importance of goodness and charity, and emphasized the use of poetry, music, and dance as a path to God.

Criticism of Sufism

• Sufism has faced opposition and criticism, particularly from Salafis and modernists who view Sufi practices as innovations or un-Islamic.

Caliphate

• A caliphate is an institution for the governance of Muslims, with the Arabic term "khilafah" used in the Quran.
• The first caliphate began with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 630 CE, and the last caliphate ended in 1924.
• The caliph's role is to provide political and military leadership, as well as some degree of religious leadership.

Historical Caliphates

• The Rightly Guided Caliphate (632-661 CE) was marked by the rule of the first four Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
• The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) was a period of growing divisions in the Muslim world and civil war.
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) was a golden era of knowledge creation and learning.
• The Ottoman Empire Caliphate (end of caliphate) was the last Sunni caliphate, established in the 14th century and ended in the 20th century with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1924.

Debates on Caliphate

• There are different ideas about what a caliphate means today, ranging from a single Muslim state where Sharia is applied to a pan-Islamic polity made up of a host of smaller states.
• Some modern Muslim thinkers, such as Fazlur Rahman and Khaled Abou El Fadl, propose alternatives to a caliphate, emphasizing equality, social justice, and democracy.

ISIS and the Establishment of a Caliphate

• In 2014, ISIS declared a caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi naming himself caliph.
• ISIS implemented a form of Sharia law, enforcing traditional Islamic laws and punishments.
• The Muslim community reacted to ISIS with a mix of positive and negative responses.

Week 1: Where Did Islam Begin?

• Interest in Islam in the West has increased in recent decades due to various factors, including:
  • Oil boom in the 1970s-1980s, which led to growth in Middle Eastern economies and trade negotiations.
  • Growing cultural diversity in Western societies, with increasing presence of Muslims.
  • Security concerns and terrorism, such as the 9/11 attacks.
• Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, with 1.8 billion Muslims globally, making up 24% of the global population.
• Most Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (62%).
• Issues of interest in the study of Islam in the West include:
  • Islam and modernity: tensions between traditional and modern values.
  • Engagement with cultural and religious diversity: need for harmonious relationships.
  • Unity and diversity of Muslim communities: culturally and linguistically diverse, with different levels of piety and sectarian differences.

Week 2: Muhammad

• Muhammad was a prophet who received God's final revelation and established one of the world's greatest religious traditions.
• Key points about Muhammad's life:
  • Born in Mecca in 570/571 CE.
  • Member of the Quraysh tribe.
  • Raised by paternal uncle Abu Talib.
  • Worked in the caravan trade.
  • Married wealthy widow Khadijah.
  • Received the first revelations at 40 years old.
• Muslims venerate Muhammad as a prophet and a model of moral behavior.
• Muhammad's message was unique, challenging the religious status quo and creating a new community based on shared faith.

Week 3: The Quran

• The Quran is Islam's primary text, considered the word of God.
• How the Quran came about:
  • Revealed to Muhammad over 23 years.
  • Compiled into a book after Muhammad's death.
  • Uses 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
  • Speech of God in Arabic.
• The Quran's structure:
  • Not structured thematically or chronologically.
  • Longest chapters at the start.
  • Chapters can be categorized by whether they were revealed in Mecca or Medina.
• Approaches to interpreting the Quran:
  • Literalist: focuses on literal meaning of the text.
  • Contextual: takes into account the context during the revelation.
• The Quran's influence on Muslim daily life:
  • Governs public and private spheres of life.
  • Used in various aspects of life, such as prayer, healing, and calligraphy.

Week 4: Sharia and Islamic Law

• Sharia is not just about law, but also covers beliefs, ethical norms, rules, and regulations.
• After the prophet's death, Sharia developed as a body of law.
• Sharia consists of:
  • Beliefs.
  • Ethical norms.
  • Rules.
  • Regulations.
  • Laws.
• Examples of areas of interest to Sharia:
  • Ibadat (rules and regulations associated with worship).
  • Mu amalat (transactions).
  • Hudud and related matters (matters associated with crimes).
• Sharia's development:
  • An organized system of laws and rules was needed to govern the growing Muslim community.
  • The Quran only contains a small number of legal or law-related verses.
  • Sources of Sharia include the Quran, Sunnah, consensus, and analogical reasoning.
• Emergence of different schools of law or madhabs:
  • Hanafi.
  • Hanbali.
  • Maliki.
  • Shafi'i.
  • Ja'fari (Shia).

Week 5: Jihad, Fighting, and Violence

• Jihad means "struggle" or "striving for" and can take different forms.
• Different types of jihad:
  • Jihad of the self (jihad al nafs).
  • Jihad of wealth (jihad al mal).
  • Armed jihad (jihad in the way of God).
• Quranic texts:
  • The Quran does not encourage Muslim states to take part in aggressive wars.
  • Politically and contextually determined.
• Rules to regulate engagement:
  • Non-combatants should not be killed.
  • Force only used to the extent needed.
  • Women and children should not be killed.
  • Rules about how prisoners of war should be treated.
• Modern developments:
  • Militant interpretations of jihad.
  • New definitions of jihad.
  • Suicide bombing.
  • Peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Week 6: Sunnism and Shi'ism

• Who are the Sunni and Shia?
  • Sunni: followers of the prophet's practice (Sunnah).
  • Shia: followers of the prophet's family (Ahl al bayt).
• How did the Sunni and Shia divide occur?
  • Soon after the prophet's death.
  • Dispute over the question of succession.
  • Gradually, Abu Bakr was nominated leader.
• Historical periods of Sunni and Shia rule:
  • Sunni have always ruled over Shia.
  • Major Muslim caliphates and empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans were all Sunni.
• How are Sunni and Shia similar?
  • Both are Muslim.
  • Both read and follow the same Quran.
  • Both believe the prophet Muhammad was the messenger of God.
  • Both follow the 5 pillars of Islam.
• How are Sunni and Shia different?
  • Different practices and traditions.
  • Different interpretations of Islamic law and theology.
  • Different leadership and authority structures.### Prayer and Shia-Sunni Differences
• Shia Muslims pray three times a day, combining five prayers, while Sunni Muslims pray five times a day, separating the prayers.
• Shia Imams are central to Shia religious authority, whereas Sunni Muslims do not recognize such a hierarchy.
• Shia Muslims venerate Imams and visit their shrines, which is seen as problematic by many Sunni Muslims.

Religious Hierarchy and Mosques

• Shia mosques often carry the names of the Prophet's descendants, and some Shia mosques display photos of religious figures.
• Sunni mosques, on the other hand, typically have the names of the first four Caliphs, and no photos are displayed.

Law and Governance

• Each branch of Islam has its own distinct schools of law.
• Shia Muslims have a theory of the "Guardianship of the Jurists" (Khomeini), which holds that only an Islamic government can implement Sharia law, and that the Islamic state must be governed by jurists in the absence of the 12th Imam.

Sectarian Conflict

• There is a deep divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims in many parts of the world, leading to violence and conflict.
• Examples of this conflict can be seen in Lebanon, Iraq, and Bahrain, where Sunni and Shia populations live separately and tensions run high.

Sufism

• Sufism is a mystical/spiritual trend in Islam that seeks to discipline the mind and body to directly experience the presence of God.
• Sufism emphasizes individual spiritual effort, self-sacrifice, discipline, and purification.
• Sufis can be Sunni or Shia, and come from different social classes, genders, and cultures.

Development of Sufism

• Sufism evolved as a response to the materialism and wealth of Muslim societies after the Prophet's death.
• By the 4th century of Islam (10th century CE), Sufism began to consolidate and spread.
• Sufi masters and Sufi orders emerged, characterizing the Sufi path and stations or stopping places along the Sufi path.

Influential Sufi Figures

• Al-Ghazali (died 1111 CE) was a prominent Sufi figure who focused on the spiritualization of Islamic thought and practice.
• Ibn Arabi (13th century CE) was a scholar and philosopher who wrote extensively on mysticism.
• Rumi (13th century CE) believed in the importance of goodness and charity, and emphasized the use of poetry, music, and dance as a path to God.

Criticism of Sufism

• Sufism has faced opposition and criticism, particularly from Salafis and modernists who view Sufi practices as innovations or un-Islamic.

Caliphate

• A caliphate is an institution for the governance of Muslims, with the Arabic term "khilafah" used in the Quran.
• The first caliphate began with the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 630 CE, and the last caliphate ended in 1924.
• The caliph's role is to provide political and military leadership, as well as some degree of religious leadership.

Historical Caliphates

• The Rightly Guided Caliphate (632-661 CE) was marked by the rule of the first four Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
• The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) was a period of growing divisions in the Muslim world and civil war.
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) was a golden era of knowledge creation and learning.
• The Ottoman Empire Caliphate (end of caliphate) was the last Sunni caliphate, established in the 14th century and ended in the 20th century with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1924.

Debates on Caliphate

• There are different ideas about what a caliphate means today, ranging from a single Muslim state where Sharia is applied to a pan-Islamic polity made up of a host of smaller states.
• Some modern Muslim thinkers, such as Fazlur Rahman and Khaled Abou El Fadl, propose alternatives to a caliphate, emphasizing equality, social justice, and democracy.

ISIS and the Establishment of a Caliphate

• In 2014, ISIS declared a caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi naming himself caliph.
• ISIS implemented a form of Sharia law, enforcing traditional Islamic laws and punishments.
• The Muslim community reacted to ISIS with a mix of positive and negative responses.