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Study Notes
Prophet Muhammad's Life
- Born in Mecca, Arabia in 570 CE
- Orphaned at a young age and raised by his uncle Abu Talib
- Received first revelation from Allah through Angel Gabriel at 40 years old
- Began preaching Islam, initially facing opposition from the Meccan tribes
- Emigrated to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar
- Unified Arabian Peninsula under Islam and established a Muslim state
- Died in 632 CE, succeeded by the first caliph, Abu Bakr
Islamic Golden Age
- Period of significant cultural, scientific, and philosophical achievements (8th-13th centuries)
- Major centers of learning and intellectual inquiry: Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba
- Significant contributions:
- Mathematics: development of algebra and Arabic numerals
- Astronomy: accurate astronomical tables and discovery of new stars
- Medicine: establishment of hospitals and medical schools
- Philosophy: integration of Greek philosophy with Islamic theology
Sufism And Mysticism
- Sufism: a mystical tradition within Islam, focusing on inner purification and spiritual growth
- Key principles:
- Love and devotion to Allah
- Renunciation of worldly desires
- Spiritual poverty and humility
- Notable Sufi thinkers:
- Rumi (1207-1273 CE): poet and philosopher, founder of the Mevlevi Order
- Ibn Arabi (1165-1240 CE): Andalusian mystic and philosopher
Caliphate System
- A system of governance in which a caliph (leader) is the successor to the Prophet Muhammad
- Key features:
- Leadership: the caliph is the spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslim community
- Succession: the caliph is elected or appointed by a council of leaders
- Governance: the caliph is responsible for upholding Islamic law and maintaining social order
- Notable caliphates:
- Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE): the first four caliphs, considered the "rightly guided" caliphs
- Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE): established in Damascus, known for its administrative and architectural achievements
- Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE): established in Baghdad, marked the Islamic Golden Age
Ottoman Empire
- One of the largest and longest-lasting empires in history (1299-1922 CE)
- Key features:
- Expansion: conquered vast territories in Europe, Asia, and Africa
- Administrative system: divided into provinces governed by governors and viziers
- Cultural achievements:
- Architecture: development of Ottoman architecture, blending Byzantine and Islamic styles
- Literature: flourishing of Turkish literature, including poetry and historiography
- Notable Ottoman rulers:
- Osman I (1258-1326 CE): founder of the Ottoman Empire
- Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566 CE): expanded the empire's borders and reformed the administrative system
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ইসলামের ইতিহাস এবং উন্নয়ন - নবী মুহাম্মদের জীবন, ইসলামিক গোল্ডেন এজ, সুফিবাদ, খিলাফত পদ্ধতি এবং উসমানী সাম্রাজ্য।
