Isku Dubaridka Borotiinka

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Questions and Answers

Maxaa ah hawsha ugu weyn ee borotiinka marka laga hadlayo unug noole?

  • Samaysashada dhismayaasha unugga iyo qabashada shaqooyin. (correct)
  • Xambaarsidda macluumaadka hidda-socodka.
  • Ka qayb qaadashada fal-celinta kiimikaad.
  • Kaydinta tamarta unugga.

Sidee bay borotiinada shaqaynaya u caawiyaan hab-nololeedka unugyada?

  • Waxay sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka unugga sida xuubka.
  • Waxay fududeeyaan fal-celinta kiimikaad sida enzymes iyo hormoonnada. (correct)
  • Waxay soo saaraan tamarta unugga.
  • Waxay kaydiyaan macluumaadka hidda-socodka ee unugga.

Maxaa ka mid ah sifooyinka borotiinada dhismeedka?

  • Kaydinta iyo gudbinta macluumaadka hidda-socodka.
  • Fududeynta fal-celinta kiimikaad ee unugga.
  • Bixinta qaab-dhismeedka iyo taageerada unugyada iyo xubnaha. (correct)
  • Regulating unugga koritaanka iyo horumarka.

Maxaa qeexaya sida borotiinku u qaabaysan yahay?

<p>Nidaamka asiidhka amino ee polypeptide-ka. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sidee bay hiddo-sideyaashu ula xidhiidhaan borotiinada?

<p>Waxay ku jiraan macluumaadka loo baahan yahay si loo sameeyo borotiinada. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxay yihiin labada hab ee ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka borotiinka?

<p>Transcription iyo Translation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sidee bay kromosoomyadu ula xidhiidhaan DNA, RNA, iyo borotiinada?

<p>Chromeosomes waxay ka kooban yihiin DNA, oo laga soo saaray RNA ka dibna loo turjumay borotiino. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa maxay macnaha aragtida 'Central Dogma' marka laga hadlayo bayoolojiga molikuyuulka?

<p>Macluumaadka hidda-socodka waxa uu u socdaa hal jiho. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sidee bay DNA ula xidhiidhaa borotiinada sida ku cad 'Central Dogma'?

<p>DNA waxaa loo tarjumaa borotiinada inta guud ahaan guud ahaan ay u gudbiyaan jiilka inuu soo saaro DNA kale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxay yihiin labada tallaabo ee ugu muhiimsan marka macluumaadka hidda-socodka laga beddelo DNA ilaa borotiinka?

<p>Transcription iyo Translation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa maxay transcription?

<p>Ku wareejinta macluumaadka hidda-socodka DNA si loo sameeyo RNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa maxay tarjumaad?

<p>Ku wareejinta macluumaadka RNA si loo sameeyo protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa maxay hawsha ugu weyn ee RNA ee unug noole?

<p>Fulinta borotiin sameysiga. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sidee bay RNA uga duwan tahay DNA?

<p>Waxay leedahay sonkor ribose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxaa base ah oo lagu bedelay thymine RNA?

<p>Uracil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa maxay doorka RNAs-ka wareejinta (tRNAs) ee borotiin samaynta?

<p>U wareejinta amino acids ribosoomka inta lagu jiro tarjumaadda. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxaa doorka RNAs-ka ribosoomka (rRNAs) ku leeyahay borotiin samaynta?

<p>Samayska dhismeedka ribosoomka iyo fulinta waxqabadyada catalytic inta lagu jiro tarjumaadda. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxaa doorka RNAs-ka messenger (mRNAs) ku leeyahay borotiin samaynta?

<p>Bixinta hannaanka borotiin samaynta inta lagu jiro tarjumaadda. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sidee ayaa dhammaan seddexda nooc ee RNA looga soo saaraa?

<p>Transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxaa ah muuqaalka ugu weyn ee ku saabsan isku duubnaanta RNA ee ka soo saarista macluumaadka hidde-sideyaasha DNA?

<p>Transcription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxaa ah enzymeska ugu weyn ee lugta ku leh transcription?

<p>RNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sidee bay RNA polymerase eukaryoticku u badalan tahay RNA polymerase eukaryoticka?

<p>Waxqabadyo fara badan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription marka la sameynayo, imisa mid ah DNA ayaa loo adeegsadaa hannaanka isku duubitaanka?

<p>Mid keliya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription, primer RNA diyaar ma loo yahay?

<p>Midna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa maxay hannaanka isku duubitaanka ee RNA inta lagu jiro samaysashada DNA template iyadoo jidka laga leexinayo 3' - 5'?

<p>5'-3' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcription RNA, precursors-yada ay ka kooban yihiin waa?

<p>NTPs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hannaanka isku duubitaanka nucleotide waa?

<p>Midna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA, marka uu abuurmayo meeqa unit ayuu la mid yahay?

<p>shan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxuu ku tilmaaman yahay alfa iyo beta?

<p>Core enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Si RNA polymerase si guul ah u aqoonsanto meesha promoterk, maxuu ku tilmaaman yahay waxyaabaha fududeeya?

<p>Sigma factor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maxaa ka dhigan samaynta nuqul RNA oo loo samaynayo isku xigxiga DNA?

<p>Isku duubitaan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isku duubitaanka, nukleus muxuu sameeyaa?

<p>Laba isku xigxiga isku jarayaan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isku duubitaan marka dhacayo Cytosine (C), yaad isku xirmaan?

<p>Guanine (G) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isku duubitaan si u dhacaan maxay u baahan yihiin?

<p>Biloow, ooyo iyo joojin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biloowga RNApolymerase waxa uu wax ka beddelaa DNA, maxaa halkaas ka dhaco?

<p>Waan jarnaa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hogness'ka isku xigxigiisu waa?

<p>Hoos 25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Waa muxuu isku duubitaan eukaryote dhismihiisu yahay?

<p>Labada DNA iyo RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bortiinka Reverse wax tar u leh waxaa laga helaa?

<p>Dibirooska (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transcriptionka muxuu kaa celindona?

<p>RNA polymerase activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ka hor joogsatiga nucleotidey waxaaka mid ah

<p>RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Codoonka genitagu muxuun keena?

<p>Biloow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Waa maxay soosaarista borotiinku?

Soosaarista borotiinka waa geedi socodka sameynta borotiinada ku saleysan macluumaadka ku jira DNA.

Waa maxay borotiinnada qaab dhismeedku?

Borotiinnada qaab dhismeedka waxaa ka mid ah actin, myosin, iyo keratin.

Waa maxay borotiinnada shaqeynaya?

Borotiinnada shaqeynaya waxaa ka mid ah Ensaaym, haemoglobin, antibodies iyo hormoonnada.

Hiddaha ku jira DNA

Hiddaha DNA-da waxay xambaaraan macluumaadka lagama maarmaanka u ah sameynta borotiinada.

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Maxaa ah Mabda'a Dhexe?

Xogta hidde-sidaha waxay u socotaa hal jiho: DNA ilaa RNA ilaa Protein.

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RNA vs DNA

RNA waxa ay ka kooban tahay hal xadhig, halka DNA ay ka kooban tahay laba xadhig.

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Sonkorta ku jirta RNA

RNA waxa ay ka kooban tahay sonkorta Ribose, halka DNA ay ka kooban tahay sonkorta Deoxyribose.

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Base-ka nitrogennada ee RNA

RNA waxa ay isticmaasho Uracil (U), halka DNA ay isticmaasho Thymine (T).

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Waa maxay tRNA?

tRNA waxa ay gudbisaa asidhka amino si loo sameeyo borotiino.

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Waa maxay rRNA?

rRNA waxa ay kaalin ka ciyaartaa dhismaha iyo kicinta ribosoomka.

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Waa maxay mRNA?

mRNA waxa ay siisaa template ka soo saarista borotiinka.

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RNA polymerase

RNA polymers ayaa kicisa bedelaadda DNA una bedelaadda RNA, waxaana loo yaqaanaa transcription.

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Kaalayada transcription ka

Transcription ka RNA Polymerase waxa loo qaybiyaa saddex qaybood: bilow, dheerayn, iyo dhammaystir.

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Maxaa dhacaya inta lagu jiro bilawga?

Bilaabidda waxa ku lug leh isku xidhka RNA polymerase halaysimka a oo DNA ah oo loo yaqaan kor u qaade.

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Maxaa dhacaya inta lagu jiro dheeraynta

Kordhinta waxaa ka mid ah sameynta cadadka RNA ee dhabta ah.

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Maxaa dhacaya inta lagu jiro dhammaystirka?

Dhammayntu waxa ay dhacdaa marka la garto signalka joojinta oo la joojiyo soosaarista.

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Waa maxay transcription?

Transcription Waxa ay soo saartaa xadhig mRNA ah oo keli ah oo ka soo jeeda DNA.

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Transcription ka ee prokaryotic

Transcription ka prokaryotic waxa ay dhacdaa cytoplasm ka.

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Transcription ka eukaryotic

Transcription ka eukaryotic waxa ay ka dhacdaa gudaha nucleus ka.

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enzyme dib-u-bedelka qoraalka

Dib-u-bedelka qoraalka waxa uu isticmaalaa enzyme ka dib-u-bedelka qoraalka si uu RNA ugu bedelo DNA.

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Waa maxay koodhka hidde-sidaha?

koodhka hidde-sidaha ayaa codaysaa sida amino acids loo habeeyay si borotiino loo sameeyo.

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Waa maxay codon?

Saddex nucleotides ayaa ka kooban codon.

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isbeddelka mRNA ka

Habka isbeddelka mRNA ka waxa ka saara xogta aan coding kiisa ah (Introns) oo waxa uu isku xidhaa qaybaha coding ka ah (exons).

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Koofhiyad 5 'iyo dabada poly-A ah.

Isbeddelka waxa ka mid ah ku darista koofiyad 5 'iyo dabada poly-A ah.

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Study Notes

Halkan waxaa ku yaal qoraallo daraasi ah oo laga soo qaatay qoraalka la bixiyay:

Dulmarka

  • Qoraallada waxbarasho waxay ku saabsan yihiin "Transcription" iyo "protein synthesis".
  • Macluumaadka waxaa soo diyaariyay SIR SHAH.

Natiijooyinka Waxbarashada

  • Helitaanka aragti guud oo ku saabsan habka isku dubaridka borotiinka.
  • Fahamka fikradda dhexe ee Dogma.
  • Garashada noocyada kala duwan ee RNA.
  • Sharaxaadda sifooyinka guud ee isku dubaridka RNA.
  • Sharaxaadda habka qoraalka ee prokaryotes iyo unugyada Eukaryotic.
  • Barashada reverse transcriptase iyo xakameeyaha qoraalka.
  • Fahamida xeerarka hidda socodka.

Isku Dubaridka Borotiinka

  • Borotiinadu waa qaybaha aasaasiga u ah wax kasta oo nool, oo ay ku jiraan borotiinnada qaab-dhismeedka iyo kuwa shaqada qabta.
  • Borotiinnada shaqada qabtaa waxaa ka mid ah enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies iyo hormones, waxaana ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan dheef-shiid kiimikaadka unugyada.
  • Borotiinnada qaab-dhismeedka waxaa ka mid ah actin iyo myosin ee muruqyada, keratin ee maqaarka, unugyada iyo xubnaha.
  • Borotiinka waxa go'aamiya taxanaha amino acids ee polypeptides.
  • Hidde-sidayaasha ku jira DNA waxa ku jira macluumaad lagu sameeyo borotiinno.
  • Laba hab oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan soo saarista borotiinka ayaa kala ah qoraalka iyo tarjumaadda.
  • Qormada chromosomes-ku waa DNA - RNA - Borotiinno.

Dogma Dhexe

  • Dogma-ha dhexe (Central Dogma) waa aragti sheegaysa in macluumaadka hidaha uu hal jiho oo keliya u socdo.
  • Macluumaadka hiddaha wuxuu ka socdaa DNA ilaa DNA marka loo gudbinayo jiilba jiil.
  • Macluumaadka hiddaha wuxuu ka socdaa DNA ilaa borotiinnada xilliga ay muuqato astaamaha (phenotypic expression) noolaha.
  • Gudbinta maaddada hidaha ee DNA-da ilaa borotiinka waxa ku lug leh 2 tallaabo.
  • Qoraalka (Transcription) waa wareejinta macluumaadka hiddaha ee DNA-da ilaa RNA.
  • Tarjumaadda (Translation) waa wareejinta macluumaadka RNA ilaa borotiinka.

RNA

  • RNA (ribonucleic acid) waa nucleic acid ku jirta dhammaan unugyada nool waxa ayna si qaris ah ula mid tahay DNA-da.
  • Waxay fulisaa isku dubaridka borotiinka.
  • Farqiga u dhexeeya DNA:
    • Sonkor ka duwan (ribose).
    • Hal qabood (single strand).
    • Saldhig ka duwan.
    • Ma jiro Thymine, waxaana jira Uracil beddelkeeda.

Noocyada RNA

  • Waxa jira saddex nooc oo RNA ah u leh doorar muhiim ah ku yeelanaya qaabkii ay hiddaha isku muujin lahaayen.
  • RNA-yada wareejinta (tRNAs) waa RNA yar yar oo u shaqeeya sidii habeeyayaal u dhexeeya amino acids iyo codons-ka mRNA xilliga tarjumaadda.
  • RNA-yada ribosomal (rRNAs) wuxu qayb ka qaataa qaab dhismeedka iyo katalitik xilliga tarjumaadda. Waxay tarjuntaa taxanaha nucleotide-ka ee mRNA-da una beddeshaa amino acid-ka polypeptides.
  • RNA-yada messenger (mRNAs) waxa ka yimaadda template-ka isku dubaridka borotiinka xilliga tarjumaadda.
  • Dhammaan saddexda nooc ee RNA waxa soo saara qoraalka.

Sifooyinka Guud ee Isku Dubaridka RNA

  • Habka isku dubaridka RNA laga bilaabo macluumaadka hiddaha ee ku qoran DNA waxa loo yaqaan qoraal.
  • Enzymes-ka ku lugta leh qoraalka waxa loo yaqaan RNA polymerases.
  • 3 nooc oo RNA polymerase ah ayaa laga isticmaalaa Eukaryotic, RNA polymerase 1, 2, & 3, hal RNA polymerase ayaa laga isticmaalaa prokaryotes.
  • Hal qabood oo DNA ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa template ahaan isku dubaridka qaboodhka isku buuxiya RNA gobol gaar ah.
  • Looma baahna RNA primer.
  • Taxanaha saldhigga DNA waxa ku jira calaamado bilowga iyo dhammaadka isku dubaridka RNA, enzyme-ka ayaa ku xidhnaada oo dhaqaaqa iyada oo la raacayo template DNA ee jihada 3' - 5'.
  • Sidaa awgeed, qaboodhka RNA waxa laga isku dubaridaa jihada 5' - 3' iyada oo lagu darayo ribonucleotides-ka kooxda 3' - hydroxyl ee dhamaadka qaboodhka.
  • RNA polymerization wuxu la mid yahay isku dubaridka DNA, marka laga reebo:
    • Horudhacyadu waa NTPs (maaha dNTPs).
    • Looma baahna primer si loo bilaabo isku dubaridka.
    • Ma jiro caddayn sax ah (proofreading) oo dhaca.
    • Uracil ayaa la geliyaa halkii thymine.

Sifooyinka Guud ee RNA Polymerase

  • RNA polymerase waxa uu leeyahay 5 qaybood - 2 qaybood oo alpha ah (yar yar), 2 qaybood oo beta ah (waaweyn) iyo hal arrin sigma ah.
  • 2-da qaybood ee alpha iyo 2da qaybood ee beta waxa loo yaqaan 'core enzyme'.
  • Arrinta sigma waxa ay awood u siinaysaa RNA polymerase in uu garto gobolka u sahla qoraal farta hore ee DNA-da mana ka qayb qaataan dheeraynta, kadib ka dib bilaabista silsiladda , arrintu sigma way sii dayn doontaa oo dheeraynta waxa fulin doonta core enzyme.
    • Core ezyme + qaybta Delta = Holoenzyme

Qoraal

  • Qoraalku waa isku dubaridka koobiga RNA ee hal qabood leh qayb ka mid ah DNA-da. Marka laga hadlayo isku dubaridka borotiinka, hidde-sidaha borotiinka u qoran waxa loo qoraa si uu u bixiyo RNA messenger.
  • DNA waxa uu kala baxaa 2 qabood oo gooni ah.
  • Noocyada Nitrojiin ee RNA ee ku jira gudaha nucleus waxay ku lamaan yihiin noocyada Nitrojiin ee DNA:
  • Cytosine (C) waxa uu ku lamaan yahay Guanine (G).
  • Vracil (U) waxa uu ku lamaan yahay Adenine (A).
  • Thymine (T) waxa uu ku lamaan yahay Adenine (A).
    • Xusuusnow in (T) iyada ahayd DNA oo keliya.
  • Qormadu waxa loo qaybiyaa saddex tallaabo oo loogu tala galay labada prokaryotes iyo eukaryotes, waana tallaabooyinka soo socda: bilaabid/furitaan, dheeraynta iyo dhamaanid.
  • Bilaabid/furitaan - aqoonsashada iyo ku xidhnaanta RNA polymerase ee gobolka u sahla qoraal farta hore si loo bilaabo samaynta isku xidhka.
  • Dheerayn- ta isku tolaynta dhabta ah ee qaboodhka RNA.
  • DHAMAANID- calaamada dhammaadka waa la aqoonsadaa isku tolaynta RNA-da waa la joojiyaa.

Bilaabista Qaboodhka RNA

  • Waxay ka kooban tahya 3 tallaabo:
    • Ku xidhnaanta RNA polymerase holoenzyme ee gobol u sahla qoraal farta hore ee DNA-da
    • Isdulfurka xadidan ee labada qabood ee DNA-da iyada oo la adeegsanayo RNA polymerase, waxa y ka bixiyaa qabood ku jihaysan dhinaca gobolka si uu u noqdo saldhig isku lammaaniha ribonucleotides-ka soo socda.
    • Samaynta isku xidhka phosphodiester ee ka dhexeeya ribonucleotides-ka ugu horreeya ee qaboodhka RNA ee cusub.

Isku Xigxiga U Sahla Qoraal Farta Hore

  • Isku xigxiga u sahla qoraal farta hore waxa loo xilsaartay toosinta RNA polymerase si loo bilaabo qoraalka.
  • Isku xigxiga hore ee goobta bilaabid (Before)- isku xigxiga sare
  • Isku xigxiga soo socda ee goobta bilaabid (Downstream) - isku xigxiga hoose/ xagga hoose
  • Qaybta sigma marka hore ayuu garataa oo ku xidhnaada -35 isku xigxiga (TTGACA) ee loo yaqaan isku xigxiga aqoonsiga (model E. Coli).
  • Sanduuqa Pribnow: A 6 isku xigxiga nucleotide (TATAAT) oo ku yaal -10 ilaa - 17 isku xigxiga sare ee bogga bilowga qoraalka waa AT hodan waxa uuna sahla laalaabka DNA.
  • Qoraalka waxa uu ka bilaabmaa gudaha laalaabyada qoraalka ee barta 5-9 saldhig isku lammaanaha ah oo ka baxsan -10 isku xigxiga.

Dheeraynta Qaboodhka RNA

  • Dheeraynta RNA waxa dardar geliya RNA polymerase core enzyme (ma jiro sigma).
  • RNA polymerase waxa uu dhaqaaqaa isaga oo la socda 3' - 5' template ee DNA oo markaana lagu daro ribonucleotides-ka bilaashka ah ee jihada 5' - 3' ee qaboodhka RNA.
  • Maalgashiga RNA polymerase molecule waxa uu ka kooban yahay labada isdulfur ee DNA iyo dib u habaynta u DNA.
  • Celceliska dherer ahaan laalaabyada qoraalku waa 18 oo ah isku lammaane nucleotide ah ilaa 40 ribonucleotides lagu darey qaboodhka RNA ee koraya sekenkiiba.
    • Nuocletides waxa lagu darayaa qaboodhka RNA ee koraya iyada oo la raacaya isla xeerarka isku lammaan ee saldhigga sida DNA, marka laga reebo in uracil (U) ay beddelyso Thymine (T).

Dhammaystirka Qaboodhka RNA

  • Dhammaystirku wuxuu dhacaa marka RNA polymerase la kulmo calaamad dhammaad.
  • Calaamaddan dhammaadka ah waa borotiin loo yaqaan 'Rho factor'.
  • Borotiinka 'Rho' wuxuu ku dheggan yahay goobta aqoonsiga ee RNA wuxuuna ku socdaa RNA dhinaca dhammaadka 3'.
  • RNA polymerase wuu hakadaa meesha dhammaadka waxaana Rho qabsadaa aana u heystaa waxqabad helicase ah oo fura isku dhiska RNA-DNA ee qoraalka.
  • Maalgashiga RNA ee uu sii dayn doono maalgashiga ka dib waxa raaca RNA polymerase iyo borotiinka 'rho'.
  • EeProkaryotes, Maalgashiga RNA si degdeg ah ayaa tarjumaad loogu samayn karaa ribosomes.
  • Eukaryotes, Waa inay maraan habsami u socodka RNA ka hor intaysan ka tagin gudaha nucleus

Qoraalka Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes waxa ku jira keliya Hal RNA polymerase ah, kaas oo warqadeeyo RNA dhamaanteed unugga.
  • Eukaryotes waxa ay leeyihiin saddex nooc oo polymerases ka duwan, mid waliba warqadeeya qeyb ka duwan oo RNA ah. ka maamulida warqadaaha waa ay qallafsan tahay eukaryotes.
    • a. RNA polymerase I, wuxuu ku yaalaa bartamaha godobta, wuxuu isku tolaa ilaa sadex oo afar rRNA ka mid ah oo laga helay ribosomes:
    • b. RNA polymerase II, wuxuu ku yaalaa nucleoplasm, wuxuu isku tolaa fariinta RNAS (mRNAs; tarjumaad loo sameeyay si uu u so o saaro polipeptides)
    • c. RNA polymerase III, wuxuu kaluu ku yalaa nucleoplasm, wuxuu isku tolaa warqadaaha wareega RNAS (tRNAs), kuwooda amino acids u keena ribosome;
  • Qoraalka unugyada eukariotic wuxuu kaga duwan yahay unugyada prokaryotes in qoraalka RNA si dhow in u ahaan maalkiul eehprecursor-mRNA kaasi u baahan wax ka badalka ka hore unugta ka baxo.
  • Tani Sababtoo ah hiddaha eukariotic waxa ku jira qeybaha aanhiddo qoranayn (introns) kaaso aa jabiyaa ammiin ohidda aashitada si uu u s saaro qeybo marka la joogsado eex ons
  • Xil u qorashada RNApollymerase waxaad qortaa labada exons iyo intronsDNA hase ahaate introns ma noqon doonaan tarjumeen.
  • Introns waxa lagaga soo saaro kan kahoree eexon ayaa la isku duba ridaa taas dhaliso mRNA qaan gaadh ah
  • MRN qaan gaadh ahi wuu ka bixi doonaa nucleus diyaar u ah tarjumaadii ribosome gudaha Cyto plasm.

Fura Qoraalka Eukaryotes

  • marka hore ee hiddaha lagu galay RNA poolII natiijada waa kahore mRNA (premRNAha ah hahor ah. Pre emRNA ah daji doone in lo ssoo saaro mRNA bisil ah.
  • Fur u qorista dhamaam seddekddi RNA Poolss waxa u baahan doonan kaalmmooyinka protein in fura ka muujin qeybaha dhuudhiga isku xidhiidh hhore
  • Gudaha eukartoye tatta sanduul =hoognss sanduuuq at 25 25 ad oo hodhan (ad ka) dejiso meehsa o fura uu socdo.

Dheeraynta iyo Dhammaadka

  • hab la mid ah RNA polymaress of prokaroyeestsy
  • Warqadaha hiddaha Euukaratiik badidii waxa laga sameeyaa seddex dib u habayn hor leh: - Ku darista 7 metiil Ganosoinn ee gabs u saameyaan 55 dhamaadka eurkaratickah kahoree MRHAda.
    • Ku darista poli ad taliil si loo ssaaro 3 dhamaad.
    • Kaso xaadheeynta iskuxigxiga intron aanna hiddo qorneen ah ayuu ka qabsadad.
  • Qaabdhismed guud ee mRNA lagaga helo labaddaba prokaratiik ad eukartiyotic ah.

5' Daboolida

  • Dhammaadka 5' ee dhowaan la sameeyay ee mRNA waa la beddelay 5' daboolid.
  • Enzyme-ka daboolida ayaa lagu daray guanine, caadi ahaan 7-methyl guanosine (7-MG), ilaa dhamaadka 5' iyadoo la isticmaalayo isku xirka 5'-ilaa-5′.
  • Daboolyadan 7-MG ah ayaa lagu daray marka silsiladaha RNA ee koraya ay ahaadaan kuwo keliya 30 nucleotides ah isku xira.
  • Hawsha 77-MG waa
    • Si loo fududeeyo gaadiidka mRNA laga bilaabo nucleus u socoto cytoplasm
    • Si loogu dhejiyo ribosome-ka
      • Si loo ilaaliyo maagaashiga RNA burburay noocyadeeda cellular eksomucles-ka.

Ku Darista Poli A- Talli

  • Dhammaadka 3' ee kahoree MRHA wuu leeyahay 50_250 adnains (poilyadenlation) lagu sii kordhshay ensaymta si loo soo saaro (poli tahli)
  • Meesha dhamaadka 3 waxaa ku ool ah 11 _30 nalokadheeds hoos yimaada sso qoriida poliadnailshan alshigaal aawanaya
  • Polly A ah waraqad laga qora ee Dna balse adoo sii kordhay taarabiyad ee polis ayanayshmata.
  • Tabliili polis ah muuyhim in muujinta marahaabatiylitay, sidoo looga ciyaaray door qoraalka hoowlsha, ka ilaa RNA polumarasya Ilaa hadda qoroto sifaal ah ku ool ah .

Faaqidaada Intaroms Sibilising ah:

  • Intarniyaasha waxa lagaa maaaliga hiddaha yulkareetiyotic sidaa doqanaa ood oomaaliga bactariphii sida jeermiga bak teeriyo
  • Tirtida intraniisaa u muuhim inay lagu hagaajiyo maaturanay haaf ka dambaysa intrnna ma garnaqa amiyuu ahsiid aanayn
  • Haydadaha nuukilairka horeo MRhas hawnar Lagu sii saalaa oo ku socota falceliintan waqal ee xoolisiboniuugulair aana ugu s saar laama haasaa
  • 5 Nuuc ayaa nRNA UI 2 U4 U5U6 ah waxa loo hoolday qodobka falcelintan Ugu horeysiibaa waxa lagaaa kalaa furiya 5 Intorn sbilis qeybaqa hooro waxa hulo sida uribond si horee loo saaarsar y Qaybta labaad waxa laga kalla kiciyay 3 si sbooniboon waxa la qooqlibaa igh
  • Tixgalin guud oo ah xeerka hidda socodka:
    • Cabbiraadda Triple Codons: Xeerka hidda socodka waxa uu ka kooban yahay isku xigxiga saddex nucleotides ah, oo loo yaqaanno codons. Codon kastaa waxa uu u dhigmaa amino acid gaar ah ama joojinta calaamadda.
    • Degenercy: Aashitada amino badan waxa loogu qoray codons badan. Tani, celcelis ahaan xeerka hidda socodka, oo loo yaqaanno degeneracy, waxa ay u oggolaataa dabacsanaan iyo adkeysi ka dhan ah khaladaadka inta lagu jiro qoraallada iyo tarjumida.
  • Codons-ka bilowga iyo joogsiga: Codon-ka bilowga (start codon), AUG (ama mararka qaar GUG ama UUG), waxa uu bilaabayaa isku dubaridka borotiinka waxa kale oo uu qoraa amino acid methionine. Saddex codons, UAA, UAG iyo UGA, waxa ay u shaqeeyaan sidii codons joogsi, iyaga oo u calaamadinaya joojinta tarjumida.
  • Aan is dulsaarnayn oo aan mugdi qabin: Xeerka hidda socodka ma aha mid is dulsaaran, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in nukleotide kastaa uu qayb ka yahay hal codon oo keliya. Dheeraad ah, xeerka hidda socodka ma aha mid mugdi ah, iyada oo codon kastaa uu u dhigmo hal amino acid oo keliya. Taasi waxa ay hubisaa tarjumida saxda ah ee macluumaadka hidda socodka ee xilliga isku dubaridka borotiinka.
  • Astaamaha caalamiga ah: Iyada oo laga reebban yahay wax yar, codon-ka waxa uu leeyahay macnaha la mid ah dhammaan noolaha, laga bilaabo fayraska ilaa dadka.
  • Xaaladda gariirku (Wobbling phenomenon), waxa uu tilmaamayaa dabacsanaan gaar ah oo ku jirta isku lammaan ku dhexgalka nucleotide saddexaad ee codon ee mRNA-da iyo nucleotide ugu horreeya ee anticodon ee tRNA iyada oo la samaynayo borotiinka.
  • Xaaladda gariirku (Wobbling phenomenon) waxa ay awood u siinaysaa tRNA-da in ay aqoonsadaan codons badan oo aamino aashitada, waxa ay kordhinaysaa waxtarka iyo la qabsiga isku-dubbaridka borotiinka iyada oo la ilaalinayo saxnaanta xeerka hidda socodka.
  • Dhanka kale, hal molecule tRNA ah oo sita anticodon "GAC" waxa ay ogaan kartaa codons "GAA" iyo "GAG" labadoodaba, taas oo ka dhigan cod-ka aashitada amino glutamic, taas waxa ugu wacan lammaanaha saldhig ee wobbling, sababo ku xeeran saldhigga nucleotide ee cod-ka iyo nucleotide ugu horreeya ee anticodon-ka.

Ribas taransgaray

  • Saro ribasataray RT ah ensaym muuhim laga xoolka taransgaray kana qoran ribada DNA gal gal ( cDNA)
  • RT waa waxaa goortaa gaadhaa Howerad Tamiimahaas iyo Daabis Baltimoor ehelay wax ka goortaa ah 1970 soo hoordaysa muhiimada waxooghayntaa hidiimaha

RT waxa iska leh multifulshanl ensaym Haantaa qabaayoodka gaaagalo ribatnayda DN wuxu isku qaaday c DNA ah ribnaahida tiimpleeds

  • Haaqabkaayooda H haa gaalku wuxu ku dhitriyaa qaboodka RNA wuxuu ku yirayaa dibu qoodada RNADNA RT wuxu k qataa door hoos u saqida nology iyo dawada.

Qalad u qorista

  • Qoraalka kalad u heelladoonaa waa iskudubyadda wax ku dhacay wuu qalay galbaa ssaamqaa Qoraalka oo kale in c dna uu dib u qoro.
  • Qalaad u qoro fura wuu ka falgalmi kara ula dhex gala nooca wuxuu qoro falkala waxu dhaco
  • Haabka furka u qoraha galmi ah
  • Qalab haabaynta noocya ah

Dheecaandka ku salayasan Kalad u hordhigiya

  • Aliigunnalatiiradas haahada ribanahida oo kalaalisan noolyo qaraaqa ribiisiid qalaad kalal iyo heerka. Haahaha waaa gahaa siiliisad qoorada ribanayda moolyuuls.
  • Dhiishaha hiddo socoodka
  • Siyaabaha galabka siiboolaha u helka si dhiib ah .

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