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Questions and Answers
What did David Bordwell suggest about the continuity system in Hollywood?
What did David Bordwell suggest about the continuity system in Hollywood?
The continuity system developed in Hollywood subordinates staging to editing.
What are some characteristics of the first scene of Les Vampires?
What are some characteristics of the first scene of Les Vampires?
Subtle choreography, flexible centering, use of architecture to plot action zones.
What traits did Sweden draw upon in the 1910s?
What traits did Sweden draw upon in the 1910s?
What was Victor Sjostrom known for?
What was Victor Sjostrom known for?
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How does A Man There Was exemplify Swedish National Cinema?
How does A Man There Was exemplify Swedish National Cinema?
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What did Yuri Tsivian describe as national film culture?
What did Yuri Tsivian describe as national film culture?
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What does medium specificity refer to?
What does medium specificity refer to?
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Which of the following were techniques used in French Impressionism?
Which of the following were techniques used in French Impressionism?
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What are three principles of French Impressionist theory?
What are three principles of French Impressionist theory?
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What is meant by photogenie in French Impressionism?
What is meant by photogenie in French Impressionism?
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What characterized German Expressionism?
What characterized German Expressionism?
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What were the two major styles in German Cinema of the 1920s?
What were the two major styles in German Cinema of the 1920s?
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What is the nature of the Kammerspiel?
What is the nature of the Kammerspiel?
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What did Jean Epstein argue about the problem with cinema?
What did Jean Epstein argue about the problem with cinema?
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What characterizes the influence of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari?
What characterizes the influence of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari?
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What was a key theme in interpreting Caligari?
What was a key theme in interpreting Caligari?
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What are conventional aspects of Caligari?
What are conventional aspects of Caligari?
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What did the Freudian aspects of Caligari suggest?
What did the Freudian aspects of Caligari suggest?
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What was the production background of Doctor Caligari?
What was the production background of Doctor Caligari?
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What is World Cinema?
What is World Cinema?
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What is the time period and general purpose of Early Cinema?
What is the time period and general purpose of Early Cinema?
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Which of the following are characteristics of early cinema? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are characteristics of early cinema? (Select all that apply)
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What is Modernity in the context of cinema?
What is Modernity in the context of cinema?
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What are the precursors to cinema?
What are the precursors to cinema?
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What categories can early cinema tech be broken into?
What categories can early cinema tech be broken into?
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What is a Phenakistoscope?
What is a Phenakistoscope?
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What is a Zoetrope?
What is a Zoetrope?
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What is a Stereoscope?
What is a Stereoscope?
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What is a Magic Lantern?
What is a Magic Lantern?
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What is Daguerreotype photography?
What is Daguerreotype photography?
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Who is Eadweard Muybridge?
Who is Eadweard Muybridge?
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Who was Etienne-Jules Marey?
Who was Etienne-Jules Marey?
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Who were the three major contributors to early cinema? (Select all that apply)
Who were the three major contributors to early cinema? (Select all that apply)
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What is the Kinetoscope?
What is the Kinetoscope?
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What years were the early films 'Blacksmithing Scene' and 'Trapeze Disrobing Act' made?
What years were the early films 'Blacksmithing Scene' and 'Trapeze Disrobing Act' made?
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What were the names of the Lumière Brothers?
What were the names of the Lumière Brothers?
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What is the Cinematographe?
What is the Cinematographe?
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When and where was the first film screening?
When and where was the first film screening?
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How did the Lumière Brothers make cinema international?
How did the Lumière Brothers make cinema international?
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Who is Georges Méliés?
Who is Georges Méliés?
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What is tinting in early cinema?
What is tinting in early cinema?
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What is toning in film?
What is toning in film?
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What is vaudeville?
What is vaudeville?
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What was the importance of vaudeville in the development of cinema? (Select all that apply)
What was the importance of vaudeville in the development of cinema? (Select all that apply)
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What is Tom Gunning's thesis about Early Cinema?
What is Tom Gunning's thesis about Early Cinema?
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What are trick films?
What are trick films?
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What defining characteristics marked the Transitional Era of cinema?
What defining characteristics marked the Transitional Era of cinema?
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What was the Nickelodeon Boom?
What was the Nickelodeon Boom?
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What trends helped usher in nickelodeons?
What trends helped usher in nickelodeons?
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What was the move to features in the transitional area?
What was the move to features in the transitional area?
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What impact did the transition to feature films have on cinema?
What impact did the transition to feature films have on cinema?
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How did the transition to feature films affect Nickelodeons?
How did the transition to feature films affect Nickelodeons?
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What characterized Classical Hollywood Cinema as a system?
What characterized Classical Hollywood Cinema as a system?
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What were the 'Big Five' studios?
What were the 'Big Five' studios?
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What does vertical integration mean in the film industry?
What does vertical integration mean in the film industry?
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What is standardization in filmmaking?
What is standardization in filmmaking?
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What is differentiation in film?
What is differentiation in film?
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What is the Star System?
What is the Star System?
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What is The Continuity System?
What is The Continuity System?
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What is intercutting in film editing?
What is intercutting in film editing?
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What is analytical editing?
What is analytical editing?
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What is an eyeline match in film?
What is an eyeline match in film?
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What is shot/reverse shot?
What is shot/reverse shot?
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What is consistent screen direction?
What is consistent screen direction?
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What was the impact of WWI on American film?
What was the impact of WWI on American film?
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Why couldn't European companies compete with American companies during WWI?
Why couldn't European companies compete with American companies during WWI?
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What characterized France in the 1910s?
What characterized France in the 1910s?
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What is Pathé?
What is Pathé?
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Who was Max Linder?
Who was Max Linder?
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What is Gaumont?
What is Gaumont?
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What are serials in film?
What are serials in film?
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What is Film d'Art?
What is Film d'Art?
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What were Kristin Thompson's two goals for cinema?
What were Kristin Thompson's two goals for cinema?
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Who was Louis Feuillade?
Who was Louis Feuillade?
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What is 'Les Vampires'?
What is 'Les Vampires'?
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Study Notes
World Cinema
- Definition encompasses national cinemas outside the USA and the Western world, emphasizing key movements and moments in film history.
Early Cinema
- Timeframe: Early 1890s to around 1905-1910.
- Characterized by invention and experimentation, where film was a novelty rather than an industry.
Characteristics of Early Cinema
- Filmed in single shots with one camera position, usually lasting about one minute.
- Exhibited in mixed variety formats akin to vaudeville.
- Many films were visually enhanced through tinting, toning, or hand-coloring.
- Approximately 80% of films produced between 1895-1925 are now lost.
Modernity
- Defined by socioeconomic and cultural transformations at the turn of the 20th century, including industrialization and urbanization.
- Marked by rapid technological advancements and complex sensory experiences in media.
Precursors to Cinema
- Cinema developed from numerous overlapping technologies that contributed to modernization rather than being a singular invention.
Early Cinema Technology Categories
- Divided into optical toys, novelties, and amusements, as well as scientific technologies.
Animated Devices
- Phenakistoscope: Early animation device with spinning disks to create the illusion of movement.
- Zoetrope: Gave the effect of motion by displaying successive phases of drawings or photos.
- Stereoscope: Created depth perception by viewing two slightly different photographs together.
- Magic Lantern: Projected images using painted glass sheets, lenses, and light sources.
Photography Technologies
- Daguerreotype: Early photography using a silver-plated copper sheet exposed to light.
- Eadweard Muybridge: Pioneered motion studies through sequential photography of moving subjects.
- Etienne-Jules Marey: Developed the chronophotographic gun for rapid sequence photography.
Key Figures in Early Cinema
- Thomas Edison: Innovator in the American cinema landscape.
- Lumière Brothers: Pioneered photography and documentary-style films.
- Georges Méliès: Known for incorporating special effects and fantasy elements into his films.
Early Exhibition Devices
- Kinetoscope: A device for viewing early motion pictures.
- Kinetograph: Edison’s motor-powered camera used for filming.
The Black Maria
- Edison's production studio, recognized as America’s first movie studio.
Pioneering Films
- Blacksmithing Scene: Released in 1893.
- Trapeze Disrobing Act: Released in 1901.
Lumière Brothers' Contribution
- Internationalized cinema by sending operators worldwide to film and exhibit local scenes.
Georges Méliès' Innovations
- Major developments in trick films, stop motion, and fantasy storytelling.
Film Coloring Techniques
- Tinting: Adding color by dyeing, often mechanically applied.
- Toning: Chemical process replacing silver particles in emulsion for color enhancement.
Vaudeville's Role in Cinema
- Provided a structured exhibition venue, fostering audience expectations and a significant marketing model.
- Contributed to stability, modular programming, and affordability, appealing to working and middle classes.
Tom Gunning's "Cinema of Attractions"
- Early cinema emphasized spectacle and direct engagement with audiences, highlighting exhibition rather than narrative depth.
Transitional Era (1908-1915)
- Marked by industrialization changes leading to more standardized filmmaking, impacting production and distribution practices.
The Nickelodeon Boom (1905-1907)
- Small, low-cost theaters offering continuous film viewings, accessible primarily to working and middle-class audiences.
Trends Leading to Nickelodeons
- Increased demand for films and efficient rental systems prompted the boom, alongside an influx of European films.
Shift to Feature Films
- Film exchanges began renting films based on length, leading to the rise of multi-reel films by 1912.
Rise of Feature Films in Italy
- Italy produced elaborate, lengthy films such as Quo Vadis and Cabiria that shaped the feature film format.
Impact of World War I on American Film
- Hollywood expanded its European market share, compensating for halted European productions and dominating foreign distribution.
France in the 1910s
- Rapid film expansion with major companies like Pathé, Gaumont, and Film d'Art leading the industry.
Pathé Company
- Established in 1896, became the largest film producer worldwide by 1905, excelling in vertical and horizontal integration.
Max Linder
- Pathé's biggest star, contributing significantly to the company’s success.
Gaumont Studio
- Founded in 1895, known for influential directors such as Alice Guy and Louis Feuillade.
Serial Films
- Divided into episodes with action-driven plots and cliffhangers, exemplified by The Perils of Pauline.
Film d'Art
- Established in 1908, aimed at cinematic prestige by adapting literary works and casting theater stars.
Kristin Thompson's Historical Perspective
- Critiques past views prioritizing film independence from theater over complexities in narrative and technique.
Louis Feuillade
- Prolific filmmaker at Gaumont between 1906-1925, involved in diverse genres and significant narrative contributions.
Les Vampires (1915)
- Noteworthy for blending everyday settings with fantastical and nightmarish elements in film narrative.
Staging and Depth by David Bordwell
- Emphasizes European filmmaking's focus on complex staging over editing, distinguishing it from Hollywood’s continuity.
Sweden in the 1910s
- Incorporated national traits, such as local literature and landscapes, with directors like Victor Sjöström shaping its cinema.### Swedish National Cinema
- A Man There Was (1916) exemplifies Swedish National Cinema through its historical themes, incorporating Swedish mythology and classical literature.
- It features a unique style characterized by depth staging, restrained acting, and an overarching sense of austerity.
- The use of Sweden's distinctive landscapes enhances its narrative and visual storytelling.
National Film Culture
- Defined as an arsenal of cultural tools used by a national cinema to gain recognition in international filmmaking.
- The term emphasizes the significance of unique cinematic expression over geographical placement within national culture.
Medium Specificity
- Art forms should focus on their inherent stylistic properties, utilizing what each medium does best without imitating others.
French Impressionism
- Emerged in the 1920s with filmmakers both in and outside the industry, advocating for radical approaches to film, psychological depth, and visual beauty.
- Techniques include blurred images, superimposition, close-ups, and innovative camera placements to enhance emotional and sensory experiences.
Three Principles of French Impressionist Theory
- Art must deviate from reality to evoke emotions indirectly instead of making explicit statements.
- Cinema is considered a distinct art form, independent from theater, with unique capabilities.
- Photogenie describes the evocative quality of images that reveal hidden meanings, providing a sense of otherness.
Mise-en-scene
- Involves a director’s control over all elements in the frame, including setting, lighting, costumes, and actor performances.
German Cinema between the Wars
- The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) saw a paradox where the film industry thrived despite severe economic and political challenges, partly due to foreign film bans.
- Ufa, or Universum Film Aktiengesellschaft, operated as a leading film studio in Germany similar to Hollywood.
Styles in German Cinema
- German Expressionism was influential in international cinema, characterized by artistic storytelling that distorts reality to express internal emotions.
- Kammerspiel focused on intense psychological drama within confined settings featuring a small number of characters.
German Expressionism in Arts
- Movement spanned numerous artistic forms, promoting radical distortion to express emotional truths through unconventional visual styles.
- Expressions in painting relied on exaggerated figures, unrealistic colors, and nontraditional perspectives.
Characteristics of Kammerspiel
- Typically featured slow pacing, short timeframes, and intense focus on character crises.
- Notable films include Sylvester, The Last Laugh, and Michael with shared screenwriter Carl Mayer.
Modernism in Art
- Represents a cultural shift favoring innovation, experimentation, and originality over traditional realism.
- Marked by self-conscious art practices that challenge established norms through diverse techniques and forms.
Reflexivity
- Encourages viewers to consider the creation process and its impact, often drawing attention to artistic mediums themselves.
Avant-garde
- Emphasizes new and experimental ideas that challenge and disrupt conventional cultural and artistic norms.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
- Renowned for its innovative artistic approach as an alternative to mainstream Hollywood films, contributing to the emergence of art cinema.
- Created by a talented team including Hans Janowitz, Carl Mayer, and director Robert Wiene.
Interpretation of Caligari
- Intended as an "anti-authoritarian horror story," critiquing the concept of mandatory military service by portraying the protagonist as a victim.
Potential Issues in Caligari
- The narrative may undermine its political commentary by framing psychological madness as the source of its conflict.
- Elements of expressionism become universal, moving away from specific political meanings.
Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Aspects
- Conventional elements include editing and character motivations.
- Non-conventional aspects comprise unique expressionist visuals and narrative structures, like plot reversals.
Freudian Aspects of Caligari
- Explores themes of desire and responsibility, depicting Caligari as both a threatening figure and a seductive manipulator.
- Suggests a psychological excuse for impulsive violence, aligning with darker human instincts.
Influence of Caligari on Hollywood
- Contributed to the development of horror and film noir genres, perceptible in films like Dracula and The Big Combo.
Dmitri Kirsanoff
- An independent filmmaker operating outside of the studio structure, known for Ménilmontant as his notable work.
Ménilmontant
- Features no intertitles, creating a sense of ambiguity regarding plot events.
- Combines rapid editing with poetic storytelling to evoke a powerful emotional response from the audience.
Jean Epstein on Cinema
- Critiques conventional cinema for adhering to predictable plot outcomes, advocating instead for an approach that resonates with the organic rhythms of life.
- Views cinema as a transformative art form, capable of presenting a deeper, mystical reality through photogenie.
Role of Psychology in German Expressionism
- Reflects internal psychological states projected onto the visual world, transforming reality to depict characters’ inner experiences.
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