Irrigation Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

When should infiltration tests ideally be performed?

  • At the end of the growing season
  • As close as possible to the time of irrigation and under representative conditions (correct)
  • During a dry spell, just before irrigation
  • Several days after an irrigation event

    • Which of these method is not recommended for measuring inflow rates?

  • Flumes
  • Double ring infiltrometer (correct)
  • Orifices
  • Weirs

    • What is the recommended method for measuring inflow rates on relatively flat slopes where ponding may occur?

  • Weirs
  • Orifices
  • Any of the specified devices can be used
  • Flumes (correct)

    • When measuring advance rate, what data point is recorded?

    <p>The time at which the waterfront reaches each marked station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should post-irrigation soil water content be determined?

    <p>One to three days after the irrigation event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which crops are commonly associated with furrow irrigation systems?

    <p>Corn and Sugarcane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of basin and border irrigation systems?

    <p>Irrigation of lowland rice fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you find the 'Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation System' information?

    <p>Annex A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the best heading to categorize the design procedure for basin, border and furrow irrigation systems?

    <p>Engineering Guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the document, what would be the next step if you want to determine the infiltration rate in furrow irrigation?

    <p>Use an infiltrometer to measure water penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonality of basin, border, and furrow irrigation that can be inferred from the document?

    <p>They are all surface irrigation systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the most relevant data to gather in the design of any irrigation system?

    <p>Soil properties and crop water requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these sections includes information about the practical application of the irrigation system?

    <p>Operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary context for the discussed irrigation methods?

    <p>Areas where irrigation systems are not yet developed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the standard, what specifically does 'basin' refer to?

    <p>A level field, surrounded by a dike, with undirected flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is water applied in basin irrigation?

    <p>Through a gap in the perimeter dike, retained until infiltration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of border irrigation?

    <p>Water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth within border strips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'furrows' in the context of irrigation?

    <p>Small, parallel channels to carry water to irrigate crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a 'head ditch' in surface irrigation?

    <p>To supply water to the main field areas for irrigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes furrow irrigation?

    <p>Water flows through small parallel channels as it moves down the slope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'border strip' refer to?

    <p>An area of land bounded by ridges that guide an irrigation stream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which water is distributed in furrow irrigation?

    <p>Water is released into small channels which are called furrows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following field geometries is most suitable for furrow irrigation?

    <p>Rectangular with a consistent shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of land preparation is typically required for furrow irrigation?

    <p>Minimal initial leveling is needed with regular smoothing for higher efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal range of soil texture most appropriate for furrow irrigation?

    <p>Coarse-to-moderate textured soils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of crops are most suitable to be grown when using furrow irrigation?

    <p>Row crops such as corn and vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of water supply regime is best matched for furrow irrigation?

    <p>Low discharge, long duration and frequent supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what climate conditions is furrow irrigation most effective?

    <p>All climates but especially in low rainfall regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main potential risk associated with furrow irrigation?

    <p>Erosion of the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of acceptable slope for furrow irrigation?

    <p>0.05% to 3.0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a closed single basin irrigation system, what happens to the applied water?

    <p>All applied water is allowed to infiltrate in the basin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calculating furrow cross-section data, what is the initial step after dividing the depth into equal increments?

    <p>Integrate the area and wetted perimeter to create a table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the power relation equations for furrow analysis, what do 'a1' and 'a2' relate to?

    <p>Area and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of furrow analysis, what do the variables b1 and b2 relate to?

    <p>Depth and wetted perimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are using the power relation equations, how is the value of a2 determined?

    <p>Taking the logarithm of the ratio of A2 to A1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is p2 calculated in the context of the Manning's formula and power relation equations?

    <p>$ 1.667 − 0.667 * (b2/a2) $</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step to avoid when selecting locations for infiltrometers?

    <p>Avoiding areas with signs of surface disturbance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended depth to drive the infiltrometer cylinder into the soil?

    <p>Approximately 15 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using two concentric cylinders in infiltrometer measurements?

    <p>To isolate the water infiltration in the inner ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial water level in the inner cylinder required for the double-ring infiltrometer test?

    <p>10 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an infiltration test using a double-ring infiltrometer, at what intervals should initial water level readings be taken?

    <p>Every minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to measure the water level during an infiltrometer test?

    <p>A measuring rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the infiltration rate calculated for a given time period?

    <p>By subtracting the water level measurement after filling from the water level measurement before filling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the infiltration rate that is achieved when the rate of water level lowering becomes consistent over time?

    <p>Basic Infiltration Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After how long can a double ring infiltrometer test be stopped once the basic infiltration rate is reached?

    <p>1-2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of filling the outer ring of the infiltrometer with water?

    <p>To provide a buffer to water flow in the inner ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be adjusted during the infiltration test if the infiltration rates reduce?

    <p>The time between water level measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philippine National Standard for Design of Basin, Border, and Furrow Irrigation Systems

    • Standard: PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017
    • Purpose: To provide criteria for design of surface irrigation systems for basin, border, and furrow.
    • Target Areas: Areas requiring surface irrigation systems, focusing on areas where systems do not yet exist.
    • Applications: Lowland rice irrigation, corn and sugarcane irrigation.
    • Intended Improvement: Aims to improve traditional flooding methods.
    • Methodologies: Basin, border, and furrow methods are detailed.

    Data Requirements

    • Slope: Essential for design.
    • Soil Type: Affects suitability for irrigation type.
    • Crop Type: Irrigation adaptation to different crops.

    Basin Irrigation

    • Type: Closed single basin, multiple basins (sequential).
    • Criteria: Level basin, appropriate soil type, applied water rate for optimal infiltration.
    • Design Procedure: Based on achieving even water distribution across basin.
    • Operation: Inflow is controlled to ensure proper water infiltration and excess water is managed.

    Border Irrigation

    • Types: Open-end, blocked-end.
    • Criteria: Suitable soil type (low intake rate), slope less than 0.5%.
    • Design Procedure: Utilizes parallel border strips for water flow.
    • Operation: Water flows down the slope, guided by border strips. Inflow stopped based on conditions of soil/type.

    Furrow Irrigation

    • Types: Corrugation, zigzag.
    • Criteria: Suitable soil type (10mm/hr), slope, adequate stream size, and appropriate furrow length and spacing.
    • Design Procedure: Channels are developed to move water down the slope, determining the length and spacing according to soil type and slope.
    • Operation: Water flows through furrows/channels. Inflow controlled via measures such as the timing of advance and recession.

    Annexes

    • Annex A: Performance evaluation of furrow irrigation system, including equipment, site selection, and tests.
    • Annex B: Furrow Cross-Section Analysis, using profilometer measurements.
    • Annex C: Determination of Infiltration Rate using Infiltrometer, providing a method for measuring infiltration.

    Key Personnel and Organizations

    • Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC): Initiated the standard's development.
    • Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD): Provided funding assistance.
    • Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries (BAFS): Responsible for the standard.
    • Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE), Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS): Involved in approval and inclusion.

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    Related Documents

    PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017 Design of Basin, Border and Furrow Irrigation Systems PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various irrigation systems, including furrow, basin, and border irrigation techniques. This quiz covers key concepts such as infiltration tests, inflow rates, and design procedures. Perfect for students and professionals in agricultural sciences.

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