Irrigation Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

When should infiltration tests ideally be performed?

  • At the end of the growing season
  • As close as possible to the time of irrigation and under representative conditions (correct)
  • During a dry spell, just before irrigation
  • Several days after an irrigation event

Which of these method is not recommended for measuring inflow rates?

  • Flumes
  • Double ring infiltrometer (correct)
  • Orifices
  • Weirs

What is the recommended method for measuring inflow rates on relatively flat slopes where ponding may occur?

  • Weirs
  • Orifices
  • Any of the specified devices can be used
  • Flumes (correct)

When measuring advance rate, what data point is recorded?

<p>The time at which the waterfront reaches each marked station (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should post-irrigation soil water content be determined?

<p>One to three days after the irrigation event. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crops are commonly associated with furrow irrigation systems?

<p>Corn and Sugarcane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of basin and border irrigation systems?

<p>Irrigation of lowland rice fields (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find the 'Evaluation of Furrow Irrigation System' information?

<p>Annex A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the best heading to categorize the design procedure for basin, border and furrow irrigation systems?

<p>Engineering Guidelines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the document, what would be the next step if you want to determine the infiltration rate in furrow irrigation?

<p>Use an infiltrometer to measure water penetration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the commonality of basin, border, and furrow irrigation that can be inferred from the document?

<p>They are all surface irrigation systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most relevant data to gather in the design of any irrigation system?

<p>Soil properties and crop water requirement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these sections includes information about the practical application of the irrigation system?

<p>Operation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary context for the discussed irrigation methods?

<p>Areas where irrigation systems are not yet developed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the standard, what specifically does 'basin' refer to?

<p>A level field, surrounded by a dike, with undirected flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is water applied in basin irrigation?

<p>Through a gap in the perimeter dike, retained until infiltration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of border irrigation?

<p>Water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth within border strips. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'furrows' in the context of irrigation?

<p>Small, parallel channels to carry water to irrigate crops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a 'head ditch' in surface irrigation?

<p>To supply water to the main field areas for irrigation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes furrow irrigation?

<p>Water flows through small parallel channels as it moves down the slope. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'border strip' refer to?

<p>An area of land bounded by ridges that guide an irrigation stream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which water is distributed in furrow irrigation?

<p>Water is released into small channels which are called furrows. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following field geometries is most suitable for furrow irrigation?

<p>Rectangular with a consistent shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of land preparation is typically required for furrow irrigation?

<p>Minimal initial leveling is needed with regular smoothing for higher efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal range of soil texture most appropriate for furrow irrigation?

<p>Coarse-to-moderate textured soils. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of crops are most suitable to be grown when using furrow irrigation?

<p>Row crops such as corn and vegetables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of water supply regime is best matched for furrow irrigation?

<p>Low discharge, long duration and frequent supply. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what climate conditions is furrow irrigation most effective?

<p>All climates but especially in low rainfall regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main potential risk associated with furrow irrigation?

<p>Erosion of the soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of acceptable slope for furrow irrigation?

<p>0.05% to 3.0% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a closed single basin irrigation system, what happens to the applied water?

<p>All applied water is allowed to infiltrate in the basin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When calculating furrow cross-section data, what is the initial step after dividing the depth into equal increments?

<p>Integrate the area and wetted perimeter to create a table. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the power relation equations for furrow analysis, what do 'a1' and 'a2' relate to?

<p>Area and depth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of furrow analysis, what do the variables b1 and b2 relate to?

<p>Depth and wetted perimeter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are using the power relation equations, how is the value of a2 determined?

<p>Taking the logarithm of the ratio of A2 to A1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is p2 calculated in the context of the Manning's formula and power relation equations?

<p>$ 1.667 − 0.667 * (b2/a2) $ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step to avoid when selecting locations for infiltrometers?

<p>Avoiding areas with signs of surface disturbance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended depth to drive the infiltrometer cylinder into the soil?

<p>Approximately 15 cm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using two concentric cylinders in infiltrometer measurements?

<p>To isolate the water infiltration in the inner ring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial water level in the inner cylinder required for the double-ring infiltrometer test?

<p>10 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an infiltration test using a double-ring infiltrometer, at what intervals should initial water level readings be taken?

<p>Every minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to measure the water level during an infiltrometer test?

<p>A measuring rod (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the infiltration rate calculated for a given time period?

<p>By subtracting the water level measurement after filling from the water level measurement before filling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the infiltration rate that is achieved when the rate of water level lowering becomes consistent over time?

<p>Basic Infiltration Rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After how long can a double ring infiltrometer test be stopped once the basic infiltration rate is reached?

<p>1-2 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filling the outer ring of the infiltrometer with water?

<p>To provide a buffer to water flow in the inner ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be adjusted during the infiltration test if the infiltration rates reduce?

<p>The time between water level measurements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Border Irrigation

A type of irrigation where water is directed towards a field using borders or levees.

Basin Irrigation

A type of irrigation where water is applied to a field by flooding a closed area.

Furrow Irrigation

A type of irrigation where water flows through shallow channels (furrows) between crop rows.

Irrigation Design

The process of determining how much water is needed for irrigation.

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Surface Irrigation

A system where water flows over the ground surface to irrigate crops.

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Infiltration Rate

A measure of how fast water infiltrates or soaks into the soil.

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Selection Criteria

Criteria used to choose the most suitable irrigation system for a given area.

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Lowland Rice Irrigation

A type of irrigation system widely used in the Philippines, particularly for rice.

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Furrows

Small, parallel channels in a field that carry irrigation water to the crops.

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Head Ditch / Supply Ditch

A ditch that runs along part of a field and is used to distribute irrigation water from a larger source.

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Border Strip

An area of land bounded by two ridges or dikes, guiding the flow of water from the starting point to the end of the strip in border irrigation.

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Basin Irrigation Water Application

In surface irrigation, water is applied to the basin through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch.

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Purpose of the standard

This standard outlines how to select, design, and implement surface irrigation systems, covering basin, border, and furrow methods.

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Double ring infiltrometer

A method to measure the infiltration rate by supplying water to a circular area of soil and observing how much water is absorbed over time.

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Inflow rate

The rate at which water enters a furrow or irrigation channel. It's often measured in cubic feet per second or liters per second.

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Advance rate

The time it takes for water to travel a specific distance in a furrow. It's measured in minutes per meter or seconds per foot.

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Runoff

The amount of water that flows over the top of a furrow without infiltrating into the soil, often measured in cubic feet per second or liters per second.

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Furrow Cross-section Area and Wetted Perimeter Calculation

A method to calculate the area and wetted perimeter of a furrow cross-section by assuming a power relationship between depth and these parameters.

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Exponent 'a2' Calculation

The formula used to determine the exponent 'a2' representing the relationship between furrow depth and area, given two pairs of depth and area values.

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Exponent 'b2' Calculation

The formula used to determine the exponent 'b2' representing the relationship between furrow depth and wetted perimeter, given two pairs of depth and wetted perimeter values.

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Exponent 'p2' Calculation

The equation derived from Manning's formula and the power relations for area and wetted perimeter, used to find 'p2', an exponent representing the relationship between 'a2' and 'b2'.

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Exponent 'p1' Calculation

The equation derived from Manning's formula and the power relations for area and wetted perimeter, used to find 'p1', another exponent representing the relationship between 'a1' and 'b1'.

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Infiltration Measurement

The process of measuring the rate at which water infiltrates into the soil.

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Infiltrometer Location Selection

Choosing the most suitable locations for infiltrometers, avoiding areas with disturbances, animal burrows, or objects that can affect infiltration.

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Driving the Infiltrometer

Driving an infiltrometer into the soil to a specific depth for accurate infiltration measurement.

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Basic Infiltration Rate

The period during an infiltration test when the water level in the inner ring drops at a constant rate, indicating a consistent infiltration rate.

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Irrigating

The process of applying water to soil to provide moisture for plant growth. This can be done through various methods, including surface irrigation.

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What is surface irrigation?

Surface irrigation involves applying water by gravity flow onto the field's surface, either by flooding the entire area (basin irrigation) or directing water through channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders).

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What is furrow irrigation?

Furrow irrigation involves directing water through shallow channels, called furrows, that run between rows of crops.

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How does slope affect irrigation?

The steepness of a field, measured as a percentage, determines the suitability of surface irrigation methods.

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How does soil type influence irrigation?

Soil type significantly influences water absorption and irrigation method suitability. Coarse-textured soils drain quickly, while fine-textured soils retain water well.

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What is the impact of crop type?

The type of crop grown impacts irrigation needs. Row crops, like corn, need water directed in rows, while paddy rice requires waterlogged conditions.

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What is irrigation depth?

The depth of irrigation water applied to a field is a crucial factor in determining the right irrigation method.

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What is stream size in irrigation?

The amount of water flow in a specific time period, often measured in liters per second, is crucial for choosing the right irrigation system.

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What are the key criteria for choosing an irrigation system?

Selecting an irrigation system requires considering factors like cost, field geometry, land leveling requirements, soil type, crop needs, water supply, climate, efficiency, and uniformity.

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Which irrigation system is most suitable for a rectangular field with a gentle slope, sandy soil, and row crops?

The most suitable irrigation system for a rectangular field with a gentle slope, sandy soil, and row crops like corn is likely to be furrow irrigation.

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Which irrigation system requires high development costs and extensive land leveling?

An irrigation system with high development costs, suitable for variable field geometries, and requiring extensive initial land leveling is likely to be basin irrigation.

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Study Notes

Philippine National Standard for Design of Basin, Border, and Furrow Irrigation Systems

  • Standard: PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017
  • Purpose: To provide criteria for design of surface irrigation systems for basin, border, and furrow.
  • Target Areas: Areas requiring surface irrigation systems, focusing on areas where systems do not yet exist.
  • Applications: Lowland rice irrigation, corn and sugarcane irrigation.
  • Intended Improvement: Aims to improve traditional flooding methods.
  • Methodologies: Basin, border, and furrow methods are detailed.

Data Requirements

  • Slope: Essential for design.
  • Soil Type: Affects suitability for irrigation type.
  • Crop Type: Irrigation adaptation to different crops.

Basin Irrigation

  • Type: Closed single basin, multiple basins (sequential).
  • Criteria: Level basin, appropriate soil type, applied water rate for optimal infiltration.
  • Design Procedure: Based on achieving even water distribution across basin.
  • Operation: Inflow is controlled to ensure proper water infiltration and excess water is managed.

Border Irrigation

  • Types: Open-end, blocked-end.
  • Criteria: Suitable soil type (low intake rate), slope less than 0.5%.
  • Design Procedure: Utilizes parallel border strips for water flow.
  • Operation: Water flows down the slope, guided by border strips. Inflow stopped based on conditions of soil/type.

Furrow Irrigation

  • Types: Corrugation, zigzag.
  • Criteria: Suitable soil type (10mm/hr), slope, adequate stream size, and appropriate furrow length and spacing.
  • Design Procedure: Channels are developed to move water down the slope, determining the length and spacing according to soil type and slope.
  • Operation: Water flows through furrows/channels. Inflow controlled via measures such as the timing of advance and recession.

Annexes

  • Annex A: Performance evaluation of furrow irrigation system, including equipment, site selection, and tests.
  • Annex B: Furrow Cross-Section Analysis, using profilometer measurements.
  • Annex C: Determination of Infiltration Rate using Infiltrometer, providing a method for measuring infiltration.

Key Personnel and Organizations

  • Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC): Initiated the standard's development.
  • Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD): Provided funding assistance.
  • Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries (BAFS): Responsible for the standard.
  • Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE), Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS): Involved in approval and inclusion.

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Related Documents

PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017 Design of Basin, Border and Furrow Irrigation Systems PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various irrigation systems, including furrow, basin, and border irrigation techniques. This quiz covers key concepts such as infiltration tests, inflow rates, and design procedures. Perfect for students and professionals in agricultural sciences.

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