Iron and Steel Production Quiz

Iron was mainly won through a one-step process of reducing oxide or sulfide ores, resulting in a doughy mass mixed with slag.

Developed in the 14th century, this method creates liquid pig iron first, followed by refining to produce forgeable iron.

Significant developments in iron applications during the late 18th century, including boilers and bridges.

Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, transports oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide back to lungs.

Myoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen within muscle fibers to support muscle function.

The body can only absorb iron in its ionic form (+2) and in the presence of vitamin C.

An alloy is a mixture in which iron forms non-stoichiometric bonds with other elements, altering its properties.

Steel is an iron-based alloy, typically containing various elements including carbon, crucial for its properties.

Iron was used significantly from around 2000 BC, later than other metals.

Early iron was extracted from ore using charcoal heated ovens.

Iron weapons were more robust than bronze due to iron's hardness.

Romans were the first to commonly use iron for weapons despite high costs.

Developed in 1855, it was a method for producing steel from molten pig iron.

Iron is the 4th most common element on Earth after oxygen, silicon, and aluminum.

An adult has 4 to 5 g of iron; most in hemoglobin.

Major producers include Brazil, China, Russia, and Australia; found in oxidized minerals.

A phase area in material science where D, J, and carbide coexist.

Temperature at which transformation from ferrite to austenite ends during heating.

Temperature at which dissolution of carbides in austenite ends for alloyed steels during heating.

Temperature at which cementite dissolution in austenite ends for hyper-eutectoid steels during heating.

Temperature at which transformation from austenite to martensite is nearly finished during cooling.

Temperature at which transformation from austenite to martensite begins during cooling.

Temperature at which phase transformations occur.

Rate of growth of a phase within materials.

The growth rate of a nucleus in material phases.

The fastest cooling rate to form martensite.

Cooling time required to achieve a complete pearlitic microstructure.

Cooling time required for hypoeutectoid steels to form 1% proeutectoid ferrite.

Cooling time for hypereutectoid steels to form 1% proeutectoid carbide.

A measure of thermal energy in °C or K.

Element with symbol Fe, derived from ferrum in Latin.

The measure of the distance between atoms in the D-iron crystal lattice affected by foreign atoms.

Foreign atoms can delay or accelerate the transformation temperature of iron.

The incorporation of large amounts of alloying elements can delay inherent transformations in iron.

Elements like chromium or nickel added to iron that affect its properties, especially during transformations.

Imperfections found in real crystals which can regulate physical properties of metals.

Events or characteristics in materials regulated by lattice defects, such as strength and conductivity.

The proportion of alloying elements that affects the lattice constant and transformation temperature.

How the crystal structure of iron changes under various conditions due to alloying elements.

Forces perpendicular to the surface causing elongation or compression in an object.

Forces acting parallel to the surface, causing a shearing deformation at an angle.

Temporary change of shape that returns to original form after the stress is removed.

Permanent change in shape that does not return to original form after stress removal.

A type of normal stress that elongates an object when force is applied.

Increase in volume occurs under tensile stress due to elongation and decrease in diameter.

A measure of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain in an object under stress.

Describes how volume changes with tensile stress: ΔV = V1 - V0 = V0 * H * (1 + 2P).

Distance between unit cells in a crystal lattice.

Volume calculated as a³ for cubic lattices and 2.59·a²·c for hexagonal.

Determines how many atoms fit into the unit cell; 2 for body-centered, 4 for face-centered, 2 for hexagonal.

Distance to the nearest atom; differs between lattice types, e.g., 0.866a for body-centered.

Spaces in the lattice where smaller atoms can fit; 6 in body-centered and 4 in face-centered.

States foreign atoms must not differ in size by more than 15% for solid solutions in alpha-iron.

The fraction of volume in a crystal lattice occupied by atoms; 68% for body-centered, 74% for face-centered and hexagonal.

Density based on atomic arrangement and size; 7.88 g/cm³ for body-centered, 7.69 g/cm³ for face-centered.