169 Questions
What is the writing system of a language, including visual elements on the page?
Graphology
What is the part of language concerned with letters and spelling?
Orthography
How does the social context in which words and phrases are used affect their usage?
Pragmatics
What is the structure of words with their meaning, involving inflection, derivation, and compound formation?
Morphology
What is the process of forming new words by modifying existing ones?
Derivation
What is the creation of new words, such as 'Google'?
Coinage
What is the process called when a word's meaning or function changes without changing its form?
Conversion
Give an example of a word created through compounding.
Toothbrush
What is the term for the creation of new words by combining a segment of a word with another segment or a full word?
Blending
Provide an example of a word created through blending.
Motel
What is the term for the shortening of longer words while maintaining function and meaning?
Clipping
Explain what coalescence refers to in the context of word formation.
Coalescence is when sounds are clipped from endings of words or between two words where the articulation merges.
What is the term for the creation of new words by clipping longer words?
Backformation
What linguistic process involves replicating sounds through words?
Onomatopoeia
What is the term for duplicating sounds in word formation?
Reduplication
Explain the process of amelioration in the context of word meaning changes.
Amelioration is when the meaning of a word becomes more positive, like 'nice' originally meaning 'clumsy' and now meaning 'kind'.
What is the base or root of a word?
Lemma
What is the process of allowing each member of a conversation an opportunity to speak without overlap?
Turn-taking
What term is used to describe the pairing of two or more words of similar affiliation?
Collocation
What term describes the person who is currently speaking in a conversation?
Holding the conversational floor
What is the term used when two individuals speak at the same time?
Clashing
What is the term for the changing of topics in conversation?
Topic Shift
What are the unspoken elements of communication, such as body language and gestures?
Paralinguistic Features
What term describes the manner of speaking, including intonation and stress?
Prosodic Features
What are brief phrases or words used to show agreement or understanding in a conversation?
Verbal Responses
What term refers to the signals that a listener gives to show they are following the conversation?
Feedback
What are some examples of vocal expressions mentioned in the text?
Giggling, sighing, tutting, oohing, aahing
What is the purpose of back-channelling in unscripted language?
To indicate to the speaker that the listener is actively listening.
Define deixis in the context of language.
Words used to refer to things that are mutually understood by participants.
What are discourse markers and provide examples from the text?
Words that bind one bit of conversation to another, e.g., 'so', 'right', 'well', 'OK - anyway'.
Explain the concept of hedges and vague language in communication.
Strategies used to avoid being direct or coming to the point, e.g., 'kind of', 'you know what I mean?', 'basically'.
What is metalanguage and when is it typically used?
The language used to discuss the language being used, often after realizing a speech error.
Describe modality and how it can be reflected in verb structure.
Modality introduces options or compromises in negotiation and can be reflected in verb structure through modal verbs.
What are non-fluency features in speech and provide an example.
Fillers like 'mmm...' that give speakers time to think or announce their intention to speak.
Explain the concept of phatic communication and its purpose.
Polite 'ice-breakers' used to open conversations, such as 'how are you?', not expecting a detailed response.
What are tag questions and how are they used in communication?
Questions that prompt a response from the listener, e.g., 'It's hot here, isn't it?'
What is overextension in language development?
The broadening of a word’s meaning by children when they do not have a more suitable word to fit their meaning.
Define hyponym in the context of language development.
Words which are categorized under a more general form.
Explain what a virtuous error is in language development.
Errors made by young children trying to apply regular rules of language to irregular forms.
What is the instrumental function of language according to Halliday?
Language used to fulfill a need.
Describe the concept of object permanence in Piaget's cognitive theory.
Realizing that things apart from oneself have an independent existence and thus have names.
What stage of cognitive development is characterized by the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?
The stage in which babies acquire knowledge through physical activities and sensations.
Explain the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky.
The gap between present skills and knowledge and future achievements.
What is the telegraphic stage in language development?
A stage that focuses on brief utterances containing essential information.
Define restricted code in terms of language usage.
Language using repetition of simple conjunctions, limited lexis, and reasoning.
Describe the imaginative function of language according to Halliday.
Language used to explore the imagination.
What is the meaning of the term 'lingua franca'?
A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.
Define 'multilingualism'.
The use of more than one language.
Explain the concept of 'killer language'.
A dominant and prestigious language that causes the gradual extinction of other minor languages.
What is 'adversative conjunction'?
Conjunctions that acknowledge the previous clause, but allow for another perspective.
Describe 'cognitive skills' related to language and self-identity.
Brain skills needed to perform mental and physical tasks, including perception, attention, memory, motor skills, language, and thought; visual and spatial processing.
What is the 'cooperative principle' in communication?
The understanding that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner.
Explain the term 'idiolect'.
The speech patterns that each individual uses; formulated through prosodic language features, such as tone, intonation, emphasis, speed.
What does 'norm-providing' refer to in language context?
Countries that develop norms that are then spread outwards.
Define 'face-threatening act' in communication.
Acts which damage a person’s conversational face (e.g. insults, compliments, apologies, etc.).
What are 'cognitive abilities' related to language and self-identity?
Perception, attention, memory, motor skills, language, and thought; visual and spatial processing.
Explain the main difference between the theories of behaviourism and empiricism in language acquisition.
Behaviourism focuses on observation and imitation, while empiricism emphasizes learning through senses and experiences.
What is the core idea of the innatism theory in language development?
The idea that the human brain has innate abilities to master language complexities.
Who is the prominent advocate of the Nativism theory in language acquisition?
Noam Chomsky.
Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism.
It suggests that language shapes the way we think and determines societal boundaries.
What is the concept of Linguistic Reflection?
The idea that language reflects the thoughts of its speakers.
Define Linguistic Relativity in the context of language and cognition.
It proposes that the structure of language impacts the speaker's perception of the world.
Explain the concept of Political Correctness (PC) in the context of language.
It aims to eliminate offensive language to promote equality.
What is the significance of Linguistic Prestige in language study?
It refers to the level of respect given to different language varieties.
Define 'Teenage Language patois' and its significance.
It represents the dialect of a region with lower status compared to the standard language.
What does 'code switch' mean in the context of language use?
It refers to alternating between different languages or language varieties during conversation.
Match the following linguistic terms with their respective definitions:
Phonology = The pronunciation and sound patterns which affect the understanding of words Syntax = The order of words in a sentence Morphology = The structure of words with their meaning, specifically to do with inflection, derivation, and formation of compounds Semantics = The meaning of words
Match the following word formation processes with their descriptions:
Derivation = The process in which new words are formed as they are changed from existing words Borrowing = The derivation of words, specifically from other languages Coinage = Creation of new words that are used, e.g. Google Neologism = Words that seemingly come from nothing, prevalent in advertising
Match the following language components with their descriptions:
Orthography = The part of language concerned with letters and spelling Lexis = The vocabulary of a language Pragmatics = How the social context in which words and phrases are used affects their usage Graphology = The writing system of a language, as well as other visual elements on the page
Match the following word type with its definition:
Loanwords = Words that are derived from other languages despite the temporal nature of the word loan Bringers of Change = Via words, word order, sounds, and meaning
Match the following new word creation terms with their explanations:
Derivation = Process in which new words are formed from existing ones Coinage = Creation of entirely new words like Google Borrowing = Derivation of words from other languages Neologism = 'Words that seemingly come from nothing,' often found in advertising
Match the following language components with their respective features:
Syntax = Organizing meaning through word order in sentences. Phonology = Involves pronunciation and sound patterns affecting word comprehension. Pragmatics = Social context impacting word and phrase usage. Morphology = Structure of words including inflections and derivations.
Match the following processes of word formation with their descriptions:
Telescoping = When a word(s) is shortened in some way to create a new word Clipping = The shortening of longer words while maintaining function and meaning, but raising informality Blending = The creation of new words by combining a segment of a word with another segment or a full word Reduplication = The process of duplicating sounds
Match the following changes in word meaning with their descriptions:
Amelioration = The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more positive Pejoration = The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more negative Broadening = The process in which the meaning of a word loses its specificity and becomes more general Narrowing = The process in which the meaning of a word increases in specificity and loses its broad nature
Match the linguistic views/approaches with their definitions:
Prescriptivist View = The view that language change involves a decline in the standards of English Descriptivist Approach = The approach that language is made up of what people say and write and that no one variety is superior
Match the following types of word formation with their examples:
Acronyms = Creating singular words with the initials of multiple, e.g. USA, scuba, JPEG Compounding = The creation of new words by combining two complete words Backformation = The creation of new words by clipping longer words Onomatopoeia = The process of replicating sounds through words
Match the following concepts related to language changes with their explanations:
Conversion = The changing of a word’s meaning or function without changing its form Coalescence = When sounds are clipped from endings of words or between two words where the articulation merges or coalesces Reduplication = The process of duplicating sounds Changes in Meaning: Pejoration = Process in which the meaning of a word becomes more negative
Match the following communication features with their definitions:
Prosodic Features = Manner of speaking: Intonation, Stress, Tone, Speed Paralinguistic Features = Unspoken elements of communication: Body Language, Gestures, Facial Expressions Feedback = Signals that the listener gives to show that they are following the conversation Back-channel = Noises, such as 'mm', 'oh'
Match the following language concepts with their descriptions:
Lemma = The base or root of a word (e.g. unluckily) Collocation = The pairing of two or more words of similar affiliation (e.g. team leader, tea leaves, group management) Hyponym = A term that denotes a subcategory of a more general class Object Permanence = The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
Match the following conversation dynamics with their explanations:
Adjacency Pairs = Statements or questions followed by responses that form a conversational unit Holding the Conversational Floor = Being the participant who is currently speaking in a conversation Repairing = Noticing and correcting errors in one's or another's statement/response Clashing = When two individuals speak at the same time
Match the following language development terms with their definitions:
Compounding = Creating new words by combining two or more words together Blending = Creating new words by merging parts of existing words Overextension = Using a word to refer to a broader category than it actually represents Telegraphic Stage = A stage in language development where children use short, concise sentences
Match the following conversation management techniques with their descriptions:
Turn-taking = Allowing each member of a conversation an opportunity to speak without overlap Topic Shift = Changing topics in conversation typically initiated by phrases like 'Oh, that reminds me…' Conversation Endings = Closing conversations using phrases like 'nice to see you' or 'come round sometime' Code Switching = Altering speech between different languages or dialects within a single conversation
Match the following language features with their descriptions:
Ellipsis = The omission of a word or words, though sense is still evident through context Phonetics = The study of speech sounds Tag Questions = Questions that prompt a response from the listener Metalanguage = The language we use when we speak of our used language
Match the following terms related to language development with their definitions:
Caretaker Language = Language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby Hyponym = A word that is more specific than a given word Overextension = Using a word in a broader context than is appropriate Non-standard Features and Forms = Errors made by speakers when they fail to complete their utterances properly
Match the following linguistic terms with their explanations:
Deixis = Words which are used to refer to things in a manner that non-participants wouldn’t understand Coalescence = The merging of sounds in word formation Diacritics = Marks indicating specific pronunciations Modality = Items introducing option or compromise in negotiation
Match the following communication features with their descriptions:
False Starts = The incorrect utterance right before it is correctly uttered Phatic Communication = 'Ice-breakers' used as greetings to open conversations Vague Expressions = Used to soften authoritative requests and maintain speaker engagement Repetition = The repeating of words for various reasons such as emphasis or allowing time to think
Match the following concepts related to speech with their explanations:
Tone Units = Groups of words separated by pauses and such Micropause = Naturally taken pauses mid-speech for breathing Pitch Movement = The rise or fall in tone that occurs on the tonic syllable Tonic Syllable = Usually a significant word near the end of the tone unit
Match the language function with its description:
Instrumental Function = Language used to fulfil a need Regulatory Function = Language used to influence the behavior of others Interactional Function = Language used to develop social relationships and the process of interaction Personal Function = Language used to express personal opinions, feelings, and identity
Match the stage of cognitive development with its description according to Piaget:
Sensorimotor Stage = Stage where babies acquire knowledge through physical activities and sensations experienced Preoperational Stage = Stage where a child can think in more definite terms for faster language development Concrete Operational Stage = Stage where a child can use language for situations outside their immediate experience Formal Operational Stage = Stage where adolescents understand abstract ideas and associated language
Match the linguistic term with its definition:
Hypernyms = Words that serve as a super generalized form of several other words Hyponym = Words that are categorized under a more generalized form Overextension = Broadening of a word's meaning by children due to lack of a more suitable word Underextension = Narrowing of a word's meaning by children due to lack of a more suitable word
Match the language feature with its explanation:
Holophrastic = Refers to the many possibilities a word may have according to a child who is just beginning to understand them Telegraphic Stage = Stage of language development focusing on brief utterances containing only essential information Virtuous Error = Errors made by young children trying to apply regular rules of language to irregular forms Idioms = Expressions with non-literal meanings
Match the cognitive theory concept with its description:
Object Permanence = Realizing that things have an independent existence and names apart from oneself Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) = The gap between present skills and knowledge and future achievements Vygotsky's Take on Cognitive Theory = Explores the Zone of Proximal Development and social context in learning Cognitive Theory (Jean Piaget) = Describes stages of cognitive development in children
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Sociolect = Form of spoken language you use according to your geographical and/or social setting. Idiolect = The speech patterns that each individual uses; formulated through prosodic language features, such as tone, intonation, emphasis, speed. Lingua Franca = A medium of communication between peoples of different languages. Multilingualism = The use of more than one language.
Match the following types of politeness strategies with their descriptions:
Positive Politeness = Making the hearer feel good about themselves before starting a potentially face-threatening act. Negative Politeness = Strategies aimed at the listener's negative face to avoid any imposition. Cooperative Principle = The understanding that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner. Face-Threatening Act = Acts which damage a person's conversational face, like insults, compliments, apologies, etc.
Match the theories about cognitive abilities in language development with their respective descriptions:
Empiricism = States that self-identity and language knowledge come through senses and experiences, not reasoning Innatism = Theory that suggests the human brain has a special ability to master language complexities Nativism = Based on innatism, individuals are born with genetic abilities for language development Behaviourism = Theories that mind and language development come from observation and imitation of others
Match the following cognitive skills with their definitions:
Perception = Recognition and interpretation through the senses. Attention = Being able to concentrate on a particular mental or physical task and sustaining that concentration over other distractions in the environment. Memory = The storage and retrieval of information in the brain. Motor Skills = The ability to move the body and manipulate objects.
Match the linguistic hypotheses with their definitions:
Linguistic Determinism = Idea that language shapes the way we think and frames our thoughts Linguistic Reflection = View that language reflects the speaker's thoughts and influences their view of the world Linguistic Relativity = Belief that language structure affects the speaker's perception of the world Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = Theory that language determines a society's thinking and confines it
Match the following conjunction types with their characteristics:
Adversative Conjunctions = Conjunctions that acknowledge the previous clause but allow for another perspective. Coordinating Conjunctions = Joining words that are used to connect words or groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. Subordinating Conjunctions = Joining words used to introduce dependent clauses in complex sentences. Correlative Conjunctions = Pairs of conjunctions used together to connect words or groups of words in a sentence.
Match the social equality concepts with their explanations:
Political Correctness (PC) = Form of English aiming to eradicate offensive language for equal treatment Language Groups and Social Stratification = Involves group classification based on language variations Linguistic Prestige = Level of respect given to different language varieties Teenage Language patois = Dialect of a region with lower status compared to standard language
Match the following language-related concepts with their definitions:
Killer Language = A dominant and prestigious language that causes the gradual extinction of other minor languages. Language Norms = Established rules and standards regarding language usage within a particular community or region. Global (or World) Language = A language which has a large number of speakers spread out across the world. Code Switching = The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
Match the linguistic terms with their definitions:
code switch = To alternate between two or more languages or varieties in conversation Stratification = Group classification based on social attributes Linguistic Prestige = Respect and status level attributed to different language forms Teenage Language patois = Regional dialect with lower societal status than standard language
Match the word formation processes with their descriptions:
Amelioration = Process involving positive change in word meaning over time Coalescence = Combining a segment of one word with another segment or full word to create a new word Clipping = Shortening longer words while preserving meaning and function Blending = Merging parts of two words to create a new word
What is the writing system of a language, including visual elements on the page?
Graphology
What do we call the rules for organizing meaning in a language, which includes the order of words in a sentence?
Grammar
What term describes the structure of words with their meaning, including inflection, derivation, and formation of compounds?
Morphology
What is the vocabulary of a language called?
Lexis
What term is used for the pronunciation and sound patterns that influence the understanding of words?
Phonology
What do we call the meaning of words in a language?
Semantics
What is the concept of Lingua Franca?
A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.
What is the term for the process of allowing each member of a conversation an opportunity to speak without overlap?
Turn-taking
What term is used to describe the pairing of two or more words of similar affiliation?
Collocation
Define Multilingualism.
The use of more than one language.
Explain the term 'Killer Language'.
A dominant and prestigious language that causes the gradual extinction of other minor languages.
When two individuals speak at the same time in a conversation, what is this phenomenon called?
Clashing
What is the term for the person in a conversation who is currently speaking?
Holding the conversational floor
What are Cognitive Skills in the context of Language and Self-Identity?
Brain skills needed to perform mental and physical tasks.
Describe Idiolect.
The speech patterns that each individual uses, formulated through prosodic language features.
What term is used to describe the changing of topics in a conversation?
Topic Shift
What does the Cooperative Principle entail in communication?
The understanding that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner.
What type of features include body language, gestures, and facial expressions in communication?
Paralinguistic Features
Explain the concept of Cognitive Skills related to Language and Self-Identity.
Brain skills needed to perform any mental and physical task.
What is the term for the unspoken elements of communication, such as body language and facial expressions?
Non-verbal
Define Face-Threatening Act in communication.
Acts that damage a person's conversational face.
What term describes the signals that a listener gives to show they are following a conversation?
Feedback
What is the term for brief phrases or words used in response to maintain engagement in a conversation?
Verbal Responses
What is the purpose of Positive Politeness in communication?
Making the hearer feel good about themselves before starting a potentially face-threatening act.
Explain the term Visual and Spatial Processing.
The ability to understand relationships between objects and visualize images and ideas in the imagination.
What is the term used for the process of correcting errors noticed in one's or another's statement or response?
Repairing
What is the process of changing a word's meaning or function without changing its form?
Conversion
Give an example of a word created through blending.
Fanzine
What linguistic process involves replicating sounds through words?
Onomatopoeia
What is the term for shortening longer words while maintaining function and meaning?
Clipping
What is the view that language change involves a decline in the standards of English?
Prescriptivist View
What term describes the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more negative?
Pejoration
What is the process of duplicating sounds in word formation?
Reduplication
What is the term for the creation of new words by clipping longer words?
Backformation
What is the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more positive?
Amelioration
What is the approach that considers no one variety of language to be superior?
Descriptivist Approach
Define overextension in language development.
The broadening of a word's meaning by children when they do not have a more suitable word to fit their meaning.
What is the Instrumental Function of language according to Halliday?
Language used to fulfill a need.
Explain the concept of Hyponyms.
Words that are categorized under a more general form.
Describe the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's cognitive theory.
The stage where babies acquire knowledge through physical activities and senses.
What is the role of the Regulatory Function of language according to Halliday?
Language used to influence the behavior of others.
Explain the term 'Telegraphic Stage' in language development.
A stage focusing on brief utterances containing essential information.
What is the concept of 'Virtuous Error' in language development?
Errors made by children as they try to apply regular rules to irregular forms.
Define Nasal sounds in the context of language development.
Sounds produced in the nasal area, like /m/ and /n/.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky?
The gap between present skills and future achievements.
Describe the Concrete Operational Stage in Piaget's cognitive theory.
The stage where a child can use language beyond their immediate experiences.
What are some examples of vocal expressions mentioned in the text?
Giggling, sighing, tutting, oohing, aahing
Explain the concept of phatic communication and its purpose.
Phatic communication refers to polite 'ice-breakers' used as greetings to open conversations, such as 'how are you?'. They are used to initiate conversation without expecting a detailed follow-up response.
What is metalanguage and when is it typically used?
Metalanguage is the language we use when we speak of our used language. It is typically used after the speaker realizes a fault in their speech and calls it out before correcting it.
Describe the imaginative function of language according to Halliday.
According to Halliday, language serves an imaginative function by allowing individuals to express creativity, fantasy, and emotional experiences through language.
What is the significance of Linguistic Prestige in language study?
Linguistic Prestige refers to the social value and respect associated with certain dialects or language varieties. It impacts how different languages or dialects are perceived in society.
Explain the concept of 'coalescence' in the context of word formation.
Coalescence refers to the merging or blending of two separate elements to create a new word. It involves combining parts of multiple words to form a single word with a new meaning.
What is the purpose of tag questions in communication?
Tag questions are used to prompt a response from the listener. They seek confirmation or agreement on a statement made by the speaker.
Provide an example of a word created through blending.
Example: 'Brunch' (blend of breakfast and lunch)
What is the role of 'modality' in negotiation and communication?
Modality introduces options or compromises in negotiation. It allows speakers to express certainty, possibility, or necessity regarding a statement or proposal.
Explain the concept of 'caretaker language' in the stage of language acquisition.
Caretaker language refers to the higher and lighter tone language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby. It includes frequent repetition of important words for infants.
What are 'non-fluency features' in speech and provide an example?
Non-fluency features are fillers used by speakers to give themselves time to think or indicate they are going to speak. Example: 'mmm...'
What is the main difference between Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity?
Linguistic Determinism states that language determines the way we think, while Linguistic Relativity states that language influences our view of the world but doesn't determine it.
Explain the theory of Empiricism in relation to language acquisition.
Empiricism states that our knowledge of language and self-identity comes through our senses and experiences, rather than through reasoning or logic.
What is the core idea of the Innatism theory in language development?
Innatism proposes that there is something special about the human brain that enables it to master language complexities and that some ideas are innate, contrary to the 'blank slate' theory.
Briefly explain the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and its main implications.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language shapes our thoughts and worldview. Linguistic Determinism argues that language determines how we think.
What is the key concept behind the theory of Nativism in language development?
Nativism posits that individuals are born with genetic abilities that enable the development of language, including the idea of a Language Acquisition Device.
Explain the relationship between Behaviourism and language acquisition.
Behaviourism theories suggest that language development is a result of observing and imitating others, where thoughts and emotions are explained based on encouraging desired behavior like speaking.
What is the significance of Political Correctness (PC) in language usage?
Political Correctness aims to eradicate offensive language to promote equality and respect among individuals.
Define 'Linguistic Prestige' and its role in society.
Linguistic Prestige refers to the respect and status given to different language varieties in society, influencing social interactions and perceptions.
What is the main concept behind the theory of Cognitive Abilities creating language?
The theory suggests that cognitive abilities are crucial for understanding and creating language, emphasizing the brain's role in processing linguistic information.
Explain the theory of Linguistic Determinism and its impact on thought processes.
Linguistic Determinism proposes that language determines how we think and perceive the world, restricting thought processes within the boundaries of language.
Test your knowledge on the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) method in teaching, as well as key concepts related to language and communication such as global languages and lingua franca.
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