IRF Method and Global Language Concepts Quiz

Graphology

Orthography

Pragmatics

<p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coinage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toothbrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clipping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coalescence is when sounds are clipped from endings of words or between two words where the articulation merges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Backformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onomatopoeia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amelioration is when the meaning of a word becomes more positive, like 'nice' originally meaning 'clumsy' and now meaning 'kind'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turn-taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding the conversational floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topic Shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paralinguistic Features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosodic Features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal Responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giggling, sighing, tutting, oohing, aahing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate to the speaker that the listener is actively listening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words used to refer to things that are mutually understood by participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words that bind one bit of conversation to another, e.g., 'so', 'right', 'well', 'OK - anyway'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strategies used to avoid being direct or coming to the point, e.g., 'kind of', 'you know what I mean?', 'basically'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The language used to discuss the language being used, often after realizing a speech error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modality introduces options or compromises in negotiation and can be reflected in verb structure through modal verbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fillers like 'mmm...' that give speakers time to think or announce their intention to speak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polite 'ice-breakers' used to open conversations, such as 'how are you?', not expecting a detailed response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Questions that prompt a response from the listener, e.g., 'It's hot here, isn't it?'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The broadening of a word’s meaning by children when they do not have a more suitable word to fit their meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words which are categorized under a more general form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors made by young children trying to apply regular rules of language to irregular forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language used to fulfill a need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Realizing that things apart from oneself have an independent existence and thus have names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage in which babies acquire knowledge through physical activities and sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gap between present skills and knowledge and future achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stage that focuses on brief utterances containing essential information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language using repetition of simple conjunctions, limited lexis, and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language used to explore the imagination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of more than one language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dominant and prestigious language that causes the gradual extinction of other minor languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjunctions that acknowledge the previous clause, but allow for another perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain skills needed to perform mental and physical tasks, including perception, attention, memory, motor skills, language, and thought; visual and spatial processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The understanding that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The speech patterns that each individual uses; formulated through prosodic language features, such as tone, intonation, emphasis, speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Countries that develop norms that are then spread outwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts which damage a person’s conversational face (e.g. insults, compliments, apologies, etc.).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception, attention, memory, motor skills, language, and thought; visual and spatial processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviourism focuses on observation and imitation, while empiricism emphasizes learning through senses and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that the human brain has innate abilities to master language complexities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that language shapes the way we think and determines societal boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that language reflects the thoughts of its speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It proposes that the structure of language impacts the speaker's perception of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aims to eliminate offensive language to promote equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the level of respect given to different language varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the dialect of a region with lower status compared to the standard language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to alternating between different languages or language varieties during conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonology = The pronunciation and sound patterns which affect the understanding of words Syntax = The order of words in a sentence Morphology = The structure of words with their meaning, specifically to do with inflection, derivation, and formation of compounds Semantics = The meaning of words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derivation = The process in which new words are formed as they are changed from existing words Borrowing = The derivation of words, specifically from other languages Coinage = Creation of new words that are used, e.g. Google Neologism = Words that seemingly come from nothing, prevalent in advertising</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthography = The part of language concerned with letters and spelling Lexis = The vocabulary of a language Pragmatics = How the social context in which words and phrases are used affects their usage Graphology = The writing system of a language, as well as other visual elements on the page</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loanwords = Words that are derived from other languages despite the temporal nature of the word loan Bringers of Change = Via words, word order, sounds, and meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derivation = Process in which new words are formed from existing ones Coinage = Creation of entirely new words like Google Borrowing = Derivation of words from other languages Neologism = 'Words that seemingly come from nothing,' often found in advertising</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntax = Organizing meaning through word order in sentences. Phonology = Involves pronunciation and sound patterns affecting word comprehension. Pragmatics = Social context impacting word and phrase usage. Morphology = Structure of words including inflections and derivations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telescoping = When a word(s) is shortened in some way to create a new word Clipping = The shortening of longer words while maintaining function and meaning, but raising informality Blending = The creation of new words by combining a segment of a word with another segment or a full word Reduplication = The process of duplicating sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amelioration = The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more positive Pejoration = The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more negative Broadening = The process in which the meaning of a word loses its specificity and becomes more general Narrowing = The process in which the meaning of a word increases in specificity and loses its broad nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescriptivist View = The view that language change involves a decline in the standards of English Descriptivist Approach = The approach that language is made up of what people say and write and that no one variety is superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acronyms = Creating singular words with the initials of multiple, e.g. USA, scuba, JPEG Compounding = The creation of new words by combining two complete words Backformation = The creation of new words by clipping longer words Onomatopoeia = The process of replicating sounds through words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion = The changing of a word’s meaning or function without changing its form Coalescence = When sounds are clipped from endings of words or between two words where the articulation merges or coalesces Reduplication = The process of duplicating sounds Changes in Meaning: Pejoration = Process in which the meaning of a word becomes more negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosodic Features = Manner of speaking: Intonation, Stress, Tone, Speed Paralinguistic Features = Unspoken elements of communication: Body Language, Gestures, Facial Expressions Feedback = Signals that the listener gives to show that they are following the conversation Back-channel = Noises, such as 'mm', 'oh'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lemma = The base or root of a word (e.g. unluckily) Collocation = The pairing of two or more words of similar affiliation (e.g. team leader, tea leaves, group management) Hyponym = A term that denotes a subcategory of a more general class Object Permanence = The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjacency Pairs = Statements or questions followed by responses that form a conversational unit Holding the Conversational Floor = Being the participant who is currently speaking in a conversation Repairing = Noticing and correcting errors in one's or another's statement/response Clashing = When two individuals speak at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compounding = Creating new words by combining two or more words together Blending = Creating new words by merging parts of existing words Overextension = Using a word to refer to a broader category than it actually represents Telegraphic Stage = A stage in language development where children use short, concise sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turn-taking = Allowing each member of a conversation an opportunity to speak without overlap Topic Shift = Changing topics in conversation typically initiated by phrases like 'Oh, that reminds me…' Conversation Endings = Closing conversations using phrases like 'nice to see you' or 'come round sometime' Code Switching = Altering speech between different languages or dialects within a single conversation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ellipsis = The omission of a word or words, though sense is still evident through context Phonetics = The study of speech sounds Tag Questions = Questions that prompt a response from the listener Metalanguage = The language we use when we speak of our used language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caretaker Language = Language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby Hyponym = A word that is more specific than a given word Overextension = Using a word in a broader context than is appropriate Non-standard Features and Forms = Errors made by speakers when they fail to complete their utterances properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deixis = Words which are used to refer to things in a manner that non-participants wouldn’t understand Coalescence = The merging of sounds in word formation Diacritics = Marks indicating specific pronunciations Modality = Items introducing option or compromise in negotiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False Starts = The incorrect utterance right before it is correctly uttered Phatic Communication = 'Ice-breakers' used as greetings to open conversations Vague Expressions = Used to soften authoritative requests and maintain speaker engagement Repetition = The repeating of words for various reasons such as emphasis or allowing time to think</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tone Units = Groups of words separated by pauses and such Micropause = Naturally taken pauses mid-speech for breathing Pitch Movement = The rise or fall in tone that occurs on the tonic syllable Tonic Syllable = Usually a significant word near the end of the tone unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instrumental Function = Language used to fulfil a need Regulatory Function = Language used to influence the behavior of others Interactional Function = Language used to develop social relationships and the process of interaction Personal Function = Language used to express personal opinions, feelings, and identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensorimotor Stage = Stage where babies acquire knowledge through physical activities and sensations experienced Preoperational Stage = Stage where a child can think in more definite terms for faster language development Concrete Operational Stage = Stage where a child can use language for situations outside their immediate experience Formal Operational Stage = Stage where adolescents understand abstract ideas and associated language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypernyms = Words that serve as a super generalized form of several other words Hyponym = Words that are categorized under a more generalized form Overextension = Broadening of a word's meaning by children due to lack of a more suitable word Underextension = Narrowing of a word's meaning by children due to lack of a more suitable word</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holophrastic = Refers to the many possibilities a word may have according to a child who is just beginning to understand them Telegraphic Stage = Stage of language development focusing on brief utterances containing only essential information Virtuous Error = Errors made by young children trying to apply regular rules of language to irregular forms Idioms = Expressions with non-literal meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object Permanence = Realizing that things have an independent existence and names apart from oneself Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) = The gap between present skills and knowledge and future achievements Vygotsky's Take on Cognitive Theory = Explores the Zone of Proximal Development and social context in learning Cognitive Theory (Jean Piaget) = Describes stages of cognitive development in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociolect = Form of spoken language you use according to your geographical and/or social setting. Idiolect = The speech patterns that each individual uses; formulated through prosodic language features, such as tone, intonation, emphasis, speed. Lingua Franca = A medium of communication between peoples of different languages. Multilingualism = The use of more than one language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive Politeness = Making the hearer feel good about themselves before starting a potentially face-threatening act. Negative Politeness = Strategies aimed at the listener's negative face to avoid any imposition. Cooperative Principle = The understanding that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner. Face-Threatening Act = Acts which damage a person's conversational face, like insults, compliments, apologies, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empiricism = States that self-identity and language knowledge come through senses and experiences, not reasoning Innatism = Theory that suggests the human brain has a special ability to master language complexities Nativism = Based on innatism, individuals are born with genetic abilities for language development Behaviourism = Theories that mind and language development come from observation and imitation of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception = Recognition and interpretation through the senses. Attention = Being able to concentrate on a particular mental or physical task and sustaining that concentration over other distractions in the environment. Memory = The storage and retrieval of information in the brain. Motor Skills = The ability to move the body and manipulate objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic Determinism = Idea that language shapes the way we think and frames our thoughts Linguistic Reflection = View that language reflects the speaker's thoughts and influences their view of the world Linguistic Relativity = Belief that language structure affects the speaker's perception of the world Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = Theory that language determines a society's thinking and confines it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adversative Conjunctions = Conjunctions that acknowledge the previous clause but allow for another perspective. Coordinating Conjunctions = Joining words that are used to connect words or groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. Subordinating Conjunctions = Joining words used to introduce dependent clauses in complex sentences. Correlative Conjunctions = Pairs of conjunctions used together to connect words or groups of words in a sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political Correctness (PC) = Form of English aiming to eradicate offensive language for equal treatment Language Groups and Social Stratification = Involves group classification based on language variations Linguistic Prestige = Level of respect given to different language varieties Teenage Language patois = Dialect of a region with lower status compared to standard language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Killer Language = A dominant and prestigious language that causes the gradual extinction of other minor languages. Language Norms = Established rules and standards regarding language usage within a particular community or region. Global (or World) Language = A language which has a large number of speakers spread out across the world. Code Switching = The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>code switch = To alternate between two or more languages or varieties in conversation Stratification = Group classification based on social attributes Linguistic Prestige = Respect and status level attributed to different language forms Teenage Language patois = Regional dialect with lower societal status than standard language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amelioration = Process involving positive change in word meaning over time Coalescence = Combining a segment of one word with another segment or full word to create a new word Clipping = Shortening longer words while preserving meaning and function Blending = Merging parts of two words to create a new word</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lexis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A medium of communication between peoples of different languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turn-taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of more than one language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dominant and prestigious language that causes the gradual extinction of other minor languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding the conversational floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain skills needed to perform mental and physical tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The speech patterns that each individual uses, formulated through prosodic language features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topic Shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The understanding that people wish to express relevant information in a clear manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paralinguistic Features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain skills needed to perform any mental and physical task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-verbal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts that damage a person's conversational face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal Responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making the hearer feel good about themselves before starting a potentially face-threatening act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to understand relationships between objects and visualize images and ideas in the imagination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fanzine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onomatopoeia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clipping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescriptivist View</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pejoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Backformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amelioration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptivist Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The broadening of a word's meaning by children when they do not have a more suitable word to fit their meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language used to fulfill a need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words that are categorized under a more general form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage where babies acquire knowledge through physical activities and senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language used to influence the behavior of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stage focusing on brief utterances containing essential information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors made by children as they try to apply regular rules to irregular forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sounds produced in the nasal area, like /m/ and /n/.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gap between present skills and future achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage where a child can use language beyond their immediate experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giggling, sighing, tutting, oohing, aahing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phatic communication refers to polite 'ice-breakers' used as greetings to open conversations, such as 'how are you?'. They are used to initiate conversation without expecting a detailed follow-up response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metalanguage is the language we use when we speak of our used language. It is typically used after the speaker realizes a fault in their speech and calls it out before correcting it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Halliday, language serves an imaginative function by allowing individuals to express creativity, fantasy, and emotional experiences through language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic Prestige refers to the social value and respect associated with certain dialects or language varieties. It impacts how different languages or dialects are perceived in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coalescence refers to the merging or blending of two separate elements to create a new word. It involves combining parts of multiple words to form a single word with a new meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tag questions are used to prompt a response from the listener. They seek confirmation or agreement on a statement made by the speaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Example: 'Brunch' (blend of breakfast and lunch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modality introduces options or compromises in negotiation. It allows speakers to express certainty, possibility, or necessity regarding a statement or proposal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caretaker language refers to the higher and lighter tone language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby. It includes frequent repetition of important words for infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-fluency features are fillers used by speakers to give themselves time to think or indicate they are going to speak. Example: 'mmm...'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic Determinism states that language determines the way we think, while Linguistic Relativity states that language influences our view of the world but doesn't determine it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empiricism states that our knowledge of language and self-identity comes through our senses and experiences, rather than through reasoning or logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innatism proposes that there is something special about the human brain that enables it to master language complexities and that some ideas are innate, contrary to the 'blank slate' theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language shapes our thoughts and worldview. Linguistic Determinism argues that language determines how we think.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nativism posits that individuals are born with genetic abilities that enable the development of language, including the idea of a Language Acquisition Device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviourism theories suggest that language development is a result of observing and imitating others, where thoughts and emotions are explained based on encouraging desired behavior like speaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political Correctness aims to eradicate offensive language to promote equality and respect among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic Prestige refers to the respect and status given to different language varieties in society, influencing social interactions and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory suggests that cognitive abilities are crucial for understanding and creating language, emphasizing the brain's role in processing linguistic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linguistic Determinism proposes that language determines how we think and perceive the world, restricting thought processes within the boundaries of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers