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Questions and Answers
What is steel?
What is steel?
What TWO factors determine the behavior and properties of a particular metal?
What TWO factors determine the behavior and properties of a particular metal?
Chemical composition, heat treatment
What does chemical composition refer to?
What does chemical composition refer to?
The combination of materials at the atomic level
What is heat treatment?
What is heat treatment?
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All steels contain ____ , ______.
All steels contain ____ , ______.
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What is Alloy Steel?
What is Alloy Steel?
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What is an Electric Arc Furnace?
What is an Electric Arc Furnace?
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What are the two key organizations that combined to create the classifications of steel?
What are the two key organizations that combined to create the classifications of steel?
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What does AISI-SAE Designations refer to?
What does AISI-SAE Designations refer to?
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What is another common classification system for metals?
What is another common classification system for metals?
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What are plain carbon steels?
What are plain carbon steels?
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Carbon steels account for over 75% of manufactured steel ______ ______.
Carbon steels account for over 75% of manufactured steel ______ ______.
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What are impurities in metals?
What are impurities in metals?
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Match the following groups with their carbon content:
Match the following groups with their carbon content:
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What does hardenability refer to?
What does hardenability refer to?
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What characteristic do stainless steels have?
What characteristic do stainless steels have?
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What defines Tool steels?
What defines Tool steels?
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What element is used to add hardness and wear resistance to steel?
What element is used to add hardness and wear resistance to steel?
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What are nonferrous metals?
What are nonferrous metals?
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How can nonferrous metals be classified?
How can nonferrous metals be classified?
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Study Notes
Steel and Definition
- Steel is a metal alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon, often containing small amounts of manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon.
Metal Grades and Classification
- Grades refer to numerical designations that describe the content of metal alloys.
- Classification of metals helps to understand their specific properties and behaviors.
Factors Influencing Metal Properties
- The behavior and properties of metals are determined by:
- Chemical composition: The atomic-level makeup of the material.
- Heat treatment: A process of heating and cooling to change the metal's structure and properties.
Steel Composition
- All steel contains primarily iron and carbon.
- Alloy steel contains additional materials intentionally added to enhance specific properties.
Steel Production Process
- Electric arc furnaces utilize electric arcs between electrodes to transform pig iron and other materials into steel.
Organizations and Classification Systems
- The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) created the classifications for steel.
- AISI-SAE designations use a three- or four-number code to indicate the percentages of a steel's components.
- The Unified Numbering System (UNS) employs five numbers for classification and is not limited to steel.
Types of Carbon Steel
- Plain carbon steels contain less than 3% of elements other than iron and carbon, making them the most "pure" form.
- Carbon steels account for more than 75% of manufactured steel, with three main groups:
- Low-carbon steels: Contain less than 0.3% carbon.
- Medium-carbon steels: Contain between 0.3% and 0.5% carbon.
- High-carbon steels: Contain more than 0.5% carbon.
Carbon Steel Series
- Four series define different carbon steels:
- 10XX: No added elements.
- 11XX: Extra sulfur.
- 12XX: Extra sulfur and phosphorus.
- 15XX: Contains manganese in the range of 1.00-1.65%.
Steel Designations
- "E": Stands for steels produced in an electric arc furnace.
- "H": Indicates special hardenability properties of the metal.
- "B": Indicates the presence of boron.
- "L": Indicates the presence of lead.
Specialized Steel Types
- Stainless steels are characterized by more than 15% chromium and excellent corrosion resistance.
- Tool steels are designed for high wear resistance, toughness, and strength.
Additional Metal Types
- Chromium is used in ferrous alloys to enhance hardness and wear resistance; stainless steels contain significant amounts of chromium.
- Nonferrous metals are classified using the UNS and do not intentionally contain iron.
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