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Questions and Answers
What layer does gram-positive bacteria have?
What layer does gram-positive bacteria have?
a thick layer of peptidoglycan
What distinguishing feature does gram-negative bacteria have?
What distinguishing feature does gram-negative bacteria have?
a thin layer of peptidoglycan plus an outer membrane
What type of bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus/Enterococcus?
What type of bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus/Enterococcus?
gram positive
What are examples of gram-negative bacteria?
What are examples of gram-negative bacteria?
Empiric therapy is based on what?
Empiric therapy is based on what?
What is prophylactic therapy?
What is prophylactic therapy?
What is a superinfection?
What is a superinfection?
What is a gram stain used for?
What is a gram stain used for?
What does culture refer to in microbiology?
What does culture refer to in microbiology?
What is measured in serology?
What is measured in serology?
What does an antibody titer indicate?
What does an antibody titer indicate?
What does CBC stand for?
What does CBC stand for?
Culture types include throat, wound, urine, sputum, ______.
Culture types include throat, wound, urine, sputum, ______.
What are antimicrobials?
What are antimicrobials?
What do bactericidal drugs do?
What do bactericidal drugs do?
What do bacteriostatic drugs do?
What do bacteriostatic drugs do?
What does aerobic mean?
What does aerobic mean?
What are examples of aerobic bacteria?
What are examples of aerobic bacteria?
What does anaerobic mean?
What does anaerobic mean?
What is a community-acquired infection?
What is a community-acquired infection?
What is the issue with bacterial resistance?
What is the issue with bacterial resistance?
What causes resistance?
What causes resistance?
What defines an opportunistic host?
What defines an opportunistic host?
What is essential in client history for antibiotic therapy?
What is essential in client history for antibiotic therapy?
List some antibiotics.
List some antibiotics.
What do sulfonamides do?
What do sulfonamides do?
In which context are sulfonamides usually used?
In which context are sulfonamides usually used?
What are examples of sulfonamides?
What are examples of sulfonamides?
What are the uses of sulfonamides?
What are the uses of sulfonamides?
Why are sulfonamides effective for kidney infections?
Why are sulfonamides effective for kidney infections?
What is a downside of using sulfonamides?
What is a downside of using sulfonamides?
Who may be given sulfa drugs prophylactically?
Who may be given sulfa drugs prophylactically?
List some contraindications with sulfonamides.
List some contraindications with sulfonamides.
What are the most common adverse effects of sulfa drugs?
What are the most common adverse effects of sulfa drugs?
What are other adverse effects of sulfa drugs?
What are other adverse effects of sulfa drugs?
What does indication mean in medical terms?
What does indication mean in medical terms?
What are the four major drug classifications of Beta-Lactam antibiotics?
What are the four major drug classifications of Beta-Lactam antibiotics?
From where is penicillin derived?
From where is penicillin derived?
How can 1st generation penicillins be administered?
How can 1st generation penicillins be administered?
What is a notable feature of newer penicillins?
What is a notable feature of newer penicillins?
Where does penicillin distribute effectively in the body?
Where does penicillin distribute effectively in the body?
What action does penicillin perform?
What action does penicillin perform?
What type of bacteria does penicillin primarily kill?
What type of bacteria does penicillin primarily kill?
What is the most common adverse reaction to penicillin?
What is the most common adverse reaction to penicillin?
What are other adverse reactions to penicillins?
What are other adverse reactions to penicillins?
What are the signs of anaphylaxis?
What are the signs of anaphylaxis?
What are examples of combination penicillin drugs?
What are examples of combination penicillin drugs?
What is ampicillin classified as?
What is ampicillin classified as?
What is ampicillin effective against?
What is ampicillin effective against?
What bacteria is ampicillin not effective against?
What bacteria is ampicillin not effective against?
What action does ampicillin have?
What action does ampicillin have?
For which organisms is ampicillin used?
For which organisms is ampicillin used?
What should you ask clients regarding ampicillin?
What should you ask clients regarding ampicillin?
What are the trade names for amoxicillin?
What are the trade names for amoxicillin?
What is amoxicillin used for?
What is amoxicillin used for?
What is the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin?
What is the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin?
Who needs to take amoxicillin prior to dental work?
Who needs to take amoxicillin prior to dental work?
What are cephalosporins derived from?
What are cephalosporins derived from?
What type of bacteria are cephalosporins used against?
What type of bacteria are cephalosporins used against?
How well are cephalosporins absorbed?
How well are cephalosporins absorbed?
What level of therapeutic penetration do 1st generation cephalosporins achieve in CSF?
What level of therapeutic penetration do 1st generation cephalosporins achieve in CSF?
What is the action of first-generation cephalosporins?
What is the action of first-generation cephalosporins?
What is a common first-generation cephalosporin used for skin infections?
What is a common first-generation cephalosporin used for skin infections?
What is Ancef often ordered for?
What is Ancef often ordered for?
What should be noted about Keflex and food?
What should be noted about Keflex and food?
How is Keflex distributed in the body?
How is Keflex distributed in the body?
Is Keflex excreted by the kidneys?
Is Keflex excreted by the kidneys?
Cefazolin is what generation cephalosporin?
Cefazolin is what generation cephalosporin?
Is cefazolin well absorbed following IM or IV administration?
Is cefazolin well absorbed following IM or IV administration?
Does cefazolin penetrate CSF well?
Does cefazolin penetrate CSF well?
How is cefazolin excreted?
How is cefazolin excreted?
What infections is cefazolin used for?
What infections is cefazolin used for?
How are second-generation cephalosporins active against bacteria?
How are second-generation cephalosporins active against bacteria?
What absorption level do second-generation cephalosporins achieve in CSF?
What absorption level do second-generation cephalosporins achieve in CSF?
What do third-generation cephalosporins increase activity against?
What do third-generation cephalosporins increase activity against?
What is the action of second-generation cephalosporins?
What is the action of second-generation cephalosporins?
How well do third-generation cephalosporins absorb in CSF?
How well do third-generation cephalosporins absorb in CSF?
If a client is allergic to penicillin, what is the risk with cephalosporins?
If a client is allergic to penicillin, what is the risk with cephalosporins?
What kind of action do carbapenems have?
What kind of action do carbapenems have?
Which carbapenem is used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis?
Which carbapenem is used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis?
For what are carbapenems often used?
For what are carbapenems often used?
Name two new drugs in the macrolide classification.
Name two new drugs in the macrolide classification.
What are the four main macrolides?
What are the four main macrolides?
What is a key feature of macrolides compared to other antibiotics?
What is a key feature of macrolides compared to other antibiotics?
What is the action of macrolides?
What is the action of macrolides?
What is a contraindication for macrolides?
What is a contraindication for macrolides?
What are fluoroquinolones used for?
What are fluoroquinolones used for?
What is the only drug in the ketaloids classification?
What is the only drug in the ketaloids classification?
What is vancomycin primarily used for?
What is vancomycin primarily used for?
What can clindamycin or Cleocin cause?
What can clindamycin or Cleocin cause?
What does herpes simplex virus type 1 cause?
What does herpes simplex virus type 1 cause?
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Study Notes
Bacteria Classification
- Gram Positive Bacteria: Characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
- Gram Negative Bacteria: Have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.
- Examples of Gram Positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Enterococci.
- Examples of Gram Negative: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas.
Antibiotic Therapy
- Empiric Therapy: Initiated based on educated guesses regarding infection sources, preventing delays before culture results.
- Prophylactic Therapy: Antibiotics administered to prevent infections, e.g., malaria pills for travelers.
- Superinfection: Occurs when a new infection arises after an initial infection due to antibiotic use, fostering overgrowth of resistant bacteria.
Diagnostic Procedures
- Gram Stain: Microscopic examination of stained microbial cells.
- Culture: Laboratory method for growing bacteria and testing antibiotic efficacy.
- Serology: Measurement of antibodies in the blood, useful for diagnosing infections.
Antibody Measurement
- Antibody Titer: Indicates exposure to antigens; assesses past infections and immunity status.
- Uses of Titer Measurement: Determine immune response strength, need for booster immunization, and past infections assessment.
White Blood Cell Count (CBC)
- Monitoring WBC count helps identify infections; elevated levels indicate immune response.
Culture Types
- Various culture types include throat, wound, urine, sputum, and blood; often collected before starting antibiotics.
Antimicrobials
- Definition: Drugs used to prevent or treat infections caused by pathogens.
- Bactericidal Drugs: Directly kill bacteria.
- Bacteriostatic Drugs: Inhibit bacterial growth without killing.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Bacteria
- Aerobic Bacteria: Thrive in the presence of oxygen (e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus).
- Anaerobic Bacteria: Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen; often found in deep wounds, characterized by bad-smelling pus.
Infection Types
- Community-Acquired Infections: Generally less severe, easier to treat, with increasing drug resistance (e.g., MRSA).
- Nosocomial Infections: More severe, challenging to treat due to drug-resistant strains.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Causes: Overuse of antibiotics, inadequate treatment, host conditions, and certain bacteria types exhibit higher resistance.
At-Risk Populations
- Opportunistic Hosts: Groups with compromised immune systems include infants, the elderly, cancer patients, and those with HIV.
Patient Assessment
- Consider patient allergies, prior drug reactions, renal/liver function, and responses to previous antibiotic therapy.
Classification of Antibiotics
- Major classes include sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.
Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
- Action: Bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis.
- Indications: Broad-spectrum effectiveness against various bacteria.
- Common Uses: Particularly useful for kidney infections.
Penicillins
- Derived from mold fungi, effective in targeting gram-positive bacteria.
- Forms: Can be administered intramuscularly (IM) or intravenously (IV).
- Adverse Effects: GI disturbances, allergic reactions, severe reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Cephalosporins
- Derived from fungus; effective against gram-negative bacteria.
- Generations:
- First Generation: Limited CSF penetration.
- Second/Third Generations: Effective against gram-negative pathogens; suitable for complex infections.
Macrolides
- Include azithromycin and clarithromycin.
- Action: Inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria; lower GI side effects than older macrolides.
- Indications: Alternative for patients allergic to penicillin.
Fluoroquinolones
- Effective for chronic or deep abdominal infections, including MRSA.
- Key Drug: Ketaloids (telithromycin) has improved antibacterial coverage.
Vancomycin
- Primarily used for treating MRSA infections.
Clindamycin
- Possible side effect: Pseudomembranous colitis, characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Herpes Simplex Virus
- Type 1: Commonly associated with cold sores.
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