IPv6 Addressing
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Questions and Answers

What does the localhost address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 reduce to?

  • ::1 (correct)
  • ::
  • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:3
  • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:2

    • What is the purpose of writing the least-significant 32 bits of an IPv6 address in IPv4 dot-decimal notation?

  • To allocate more address space to ISPs
  • To support IPv4-mapped and IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses (correct)
  • To improve network performance
  • To reduce the size of Internet routing tables

    • What percentage of the total IPv6 address space is currently allocated for use on the Internet?

  • One eighth (correct)
  • One half
  • One fourth
  • Three fourths

    • What is the size of the blocks assigned to RIRs for address allocation?

    <p>/12 to /23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many /32 blocks can an RIR divide each of its multiple /23 blocks into?

    <p>512</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many /48 blocks can an ISP divide its /32 block into?

    <p>65536</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many networks can a customer create from their assigned /48 block?

    <p>65536</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many addresses are available in each /64 network?

    <p>18,446,744,073,709,551,616</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the special notation introduced for mixed addressing environments?

    <p>To support IPv4-mapped and IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of IPv4's 0.0.0.0 in IPv6?

    <p>::</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 2002::/16?

    <p>6-to-4 tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of global unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>2000::/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of unique local unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>FC00::/7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of link-local unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>FE80::/10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of multicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>FF00::/8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 3FFF:FFFF::/32?

    <p>Examples and documentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the IETF reserving the top 128 addresses for each /64?

    <p>For use with anycast addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of IPv4's 127.0.0.1 in IPv6?

    <p>::1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of addresses in the IPv4 address space?

    <p>2^32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of NAT in IPv4 networks?

    <p>to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of IPv6?

    <p>end-to-end addressing without NAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the core IPv6 protocol?

    <p>to define a packet concept, addresses, and the role of hosts and routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routing protocols is supported by IPv6?

    <p>RIPng</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ICMPv6?

    <p>an upgraded version of ICMP to support IPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is NAT not needed in IPv6?

    <p>because the large address space makes address conservation unnecessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of IPv6 headers?

    <p>they are modular and extensible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of IPv6's auto-configuration of addresses?

    <p>it simplifies network administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step a host takes when connected to a network?

    <p>Sending a request for its configuration parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the router advertisement packet in IPv6?

    <p>To provide network-layer configuration parameters to hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using jumbograms in IPv6?

    <p>Improved performance over high-MTU networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is stateless auto-configuration not suitable for routers?

    <p>Routers must be configured manually or by other means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum payload size of packets in IPv4?

    <p>64 KB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6 regarding multicast?

    <p>Multicast is part of the base protocol suite in IPv6 but optional in IPv4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of IPsec in IPv6?

    <p>To provide network-layer encryption and authentication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) over mobile IPv4?

    <p>MIPv6 avoids triangular routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum payload size of jumbograms in IPv6?

    <p>4 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of unique local addresses?

    <p>To replace site-local addresses and allow communication throughout a site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between multicast and anycast addresses?

    <p>Multicast addresses are delivered to all interfaces, while anycast addresses are delivered to the closest one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the FF prefix in an IPv6 address?

    <p>It indicates a multicast address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were site-local addresses deprecated?

    <p>Because they were being replaced by unique local addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an anycast address?

    <p>To identify multiple interfaces on multiple devices and deliver packets to the closest one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe anycast addresses?

    <p>One-to-nearest addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are anycast addresses typically configured?

    <p>On routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of unique local addresses?

    <p>They are nearly globally unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a multicast address?

    <p>To deliver packets to all interfaces tuned into the multicast address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Next Header field in the IPv6 header?

    <p>Specifies the presence of an extra options header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a technique used to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure?

    <p>Tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implementation of a network stack that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 called?

    <p>Dual Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of carrying IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets?

    <p>Tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is tunneling necessary in IPv6?

    <p>To enable IPv6-only hosts to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a dual stack implementation?

    <p>It shares most of the code between IPv4 and IPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transition mechanisms in IPv6?

    <p>To enable IPv6-only hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach the IPv6 Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of configuring IPv6 addresses on router interfaces?

    <p>Manual configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6?

    <p>No additional servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a 64-bit interface identifier commonly derived?

    <p>From its 48-bit MAC address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inverting the Universal/Local bit in the EUI-64?

    <p>A 1 now means Universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of routers in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>To advertise prefixes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of link-local addresses?

    <p>They are only sufficient for allowing communication among nodes that are attached to the same link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of combining a prefix and an interface identifier in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>An IPv6 address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of IPv6 that is driving adoption today?

    <p>Larger address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the address space in IPv6?

    <p>128 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the larger address space in IPv6?

    <p>Avoids the need for NAT and other devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drawback of the large address size in IPv6?

    <p>Carries some bandwidth overhead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stateless auto-configuration of hosts in IPv6?

    <p>To configure hosts automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses?

    <p>IPv4 addresses are 32 bits, while IPv6 addresses are 128 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format of IPv6 addresses?

    <p>Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using IPv6 over IPv4?

    <p>Larger address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)?

    <p>To create new standards for the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was IPv6 created by the IETF?

    <p>1998</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended technique for automatic tunneling?

    <p>6to4 tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of UDP encapsulation in tunneling?

    <p>To cross multiple NAT boxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of configured tunneling over automatic tunneling?

    <p>It is easier to debug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protocol number used for IPv6 packets encapsulation within IPv4 packets?

    <p>41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a dual-stack application-layer proxy?

    <p>To allow IPv6-only hosts to access IPv4-only services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended encapsulation method for configured tunneling?

    <p>Protocol 41 encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of Teredo tunneling in terms of deployment?

    <p>Not widely deployed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 2002::/16?

    <p>Used with 6-to-4 tunneling, an IPv4-to-IPv6 transition system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of global unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>2000::/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the top 128 addresses reserved for each /64?

    <p>Used for anycast addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of IPv4's 127.0.0.1 in IPv6?

    <p>0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of unique local unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>FC00::/7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 3FFF:FFFF::/32?

    <p>Used for examples and documentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of link-local unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>FE80::/10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a host sending a link-local multicast request when first connected to a network?

    <p>To receive a router advertisement packet with network-layer configuration parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum payload size of packets in IPv6 when used between capable communication partners and on communication links with a MTU larger than 65,576 octets?

    <p>4 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of IPsec in IPv6?

    <p>To encrypt and authenticate IP packets at the network layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is stateless auto-configuration not suitable for routers?

    <p>Because stateless auto-configuration is only for hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) over mobile IPv4?

    <p>MIPv6 avoids triangular routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 regarding multicast?

    <p>Multicast is optional in IPv4 but mandatory in IPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the router advertisement packet in IPv6?

    <p>To respond to link-local multicast requests from hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IPv6 Addressing

    • localhost (loopback) address is reduced to ::1, and the IPv6 unspecified address is reduced to ::.
    • IPv4-mapped and IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses are written in a special notation, combining IPv4 dot-decimal notation and IPv6 format.

    Parts of IPv6 Address & Address Allocation

    • Only one eighth of the total address space is currently allocated for use on the Internet (2000::/3).
    • The address space is assigned to RIRs in large blocks of /23 up to /12, which are then divided into smaller blocks for local Internet registries and eventually to end users.
    • Each RIR can divide each of its multiple /23 blocks into 512 /32 blocks, typically one for each ISP.
    • An ISP can divide its /32 block into 65536 /48 blocks, typically one for each customer.
    • Customers can create 65536 /64 networks from their assigned /48 block, each having 2^64 (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) addresses.

    Advantages of IPv6

    • More efficient address space allocation
    • End-to-end addressing without NAT
    • Fragmentation only at the source host
    • Routers do not calculate header checksum
    • No broadcast, uses multicast instead
    • Built-in security mechanisms
    • Auto-configuration of addresses
    • Headers are modular/extensible

    IPv6 Protocols

    • The primary purpose of the core IPv6 protocol is to define a packet concept, addresses, and the role of hosts and routers.
    • IPv6 supports routing protocols such as RIPng, OSPFv3, EIGRP for IPv6, IS-IS for IPv6, and MP-BGP4.

    ICMP Upgraded to ICMP Version 6

    • ICMP has been changed to support IPv6.
    • A host sends a link-local multicast (broadcast) request for its configuration parameters when first connected to a network.
    • Routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet containing network-layer configuration parameters.

    Multicast

    • Multicast is part of the base protocol suite in IPv6.
    • Most environments do not currently have their network infrastructures configured to route multicast; only link-scoped multicast works.

    Jumbograms

    • IPv6 has optional support for packets over 64 KB of payload, referred to as jumbograms, which can be as large as 4 GB.
    • The use of jumbograms may improve performance over high-MTU networks.

    Network-Layer Security

    • IPsec, the protocol for IP network-layer encryption and authentication, is an integral part of the base protocol suite in IPv6.
    • IPsec is not widely deployed except for securing traffic between IPv6 BGP routers.

    Mobility

    • Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) avoids triangular routing and is therefore as efficient as normal IPv6.

    Unique Local Addresses (FC00::/7)

    • These addresses are intended for non-routing purposes over the Internet and are nearly globally unique.
    • Unique local addresses were designed to replace site-local addresses.

    Multicast (FF00::/8)

    • Packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces tuned into the multicast address.
    • Multicast addresses always start with FF.

    Anycast

    • An anycast address identifies multiple interfaces on multiple devices.
    • The anycast packet is delivered to only one device, the closest one found in terms of routing distance.
    • Anycast addresses are typically configured on routers, never hosts, and a source address could never be an anycast address.

    Special IPv6 Addresses

    • :: is the equivalent of IPv4's 0.0.0.0 and is typically the source address of a host before the host receives an IP address.
    • ::1 is the equivalent of 127.0.0.1 in IPv4.
    • 2000::/3 is the global unicast address range.
    • FC00::/7 is the unique local unicast range.
    • FE80::/10 is the link-local unicast range.
    • FF00::/8 is the multicast range.

    IPv6 Header Structure

    • The Next Header field specifies the transport layer protocol used by a packet's payload.
    • In the presence of options, the Next Header field specifies the presence of an extra options header, which then follows the IPv6 header.
    • The payload's protocol itself is specified in a field of the options header.

    Transition Mechanisms

    • Transition mechanisms are needed to enable IPv6-only hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure.
    • Dual Stack: a network stack that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 while sharing most of the code.
    • Tunneling: a technique that consists in encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4, in effect using IPv4 as a link layer for IPv6.

    IPv6 Address Assignments Options

    • Manual Configuration: network administrator can manually configure IPv6 address to routers interfaces.
    • Stateless Autoconfiguration: a host can generate its own addresses using local information and non-local information advertised by routers.
    • Modified EUI-64 (Extended Unique ID-64): a 64-bit interface identifier derived from a 48-bit MAC address.

    Tunneling Techniques

    • Automatic Tunneling: a technique where the tunnel endpoints are automatically determined by the routing infrastructure.
    • 6to4 Tunneling: a recommended technique for automatic tunneling that uses protocol 41 encapsulation.
    • Teredo: an automatic tunneling technique that uses UDP encapsulation.
    • Configured Tunneling: a technique where the tunnel endpoints are configured explicitly, either by a human operator or by an automatic service known as a Tunnel Broker.
    • Proxying and Translation: when an IPv6-only host needs to access an IPv4-only service, some form of translation is necessary, such as the use of a dual-stack application-layer proxy.

    Special IPv6 Addresses

    • :: (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0): the equivalent of IPv4's 0.0.0.0, typically the source address of a host before the host receives an IP address.
    • ::1 (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1): the equivalent of 127.0.0.1 in IPv4.
    • 2000::/3: the global unicast address range.
    • FC00::/7: the unique local unicast range.
    • FE80::/10: the link-local unicast range.
    • FF00::/8: the multicast range.
    • 3FFF:FFFF::/32: reserved for examples and documentation.
    • 2001:0DB8::/32: also reserved for examples and documentation.

    Other Features of IPv6

    • Multicast: part of the base protocol suite in IPv6, in opposition to IPv4, where multicast is optional.
    • Jumbograms: optional support for packets over 64 KB of payload, which can be as large as 4 GB.
    • Network-Layer Security: IPsec, the protocol for IP network-layer encryption and authentication, is an integral part of the base protocol suite in IPv6.
    • Mobility: Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) avoids triangular routing and is therefore as efficient as normal IPv6.

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    ch2.pdf

    Description

    Understanding IPv6 addresses, including loopback and unspecified addresses, and mixed addressing environments.

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