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Questions and Answers

How many broadcast domains are presented in the example diagram?

3 (correct)

What is a characteristic of a VLAN?

Reduces the number of physical connections required

Requires advanced router configurations for each device

Allows all devices on the network to communicate without restrictions

Creates smaller broadcast and multicast domains (correct)

What is a primary benefit of designing a VLAN?

Improved security by isolating broadcasts within individual VLANs (correct)

Reduction of hardware costs only

Improved performance by increasing broadcast traffic

Elimination of multicast communication

Which of the following statements about collision domains is true based on the provided content?

Routers create multiple collision domains Signup and view all the answers

What does VLAN grouping allow in a network environment?

Devices with similar requirements to be managed effectively Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is used to assign dynamic IP addresses to devices on a local area network?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)?

To resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a MAC address?

A 48-bit hexadecimal number representing a physical address Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Internet Protocol (IP) within a local area network?

Routing data packets to their destinations Signup and view all the answers

A hostname is primarily used for which purpose in networking?

To provide a human-readable label for a device Signup and view all the answers

What type of addressing does a local address facilitate on a TCP/IP network?

Communication between devices on the same subnet Signup and view all the answers

Which two versions of the Internet Protocol are mentioned as relevant for LAN communication?

IPv4 and IPv6 Signup and view all the answers

Which network operating system is NOT among the major server-based options listed?

Windows XP Professional Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a Local Area Network (LAN)?

It consists of interconnected devices in a limited area. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for converting data into a transmittable format on a LAN?

Network Interface Card (NIC) Signup and view all the answers

Which device operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model and intelligently distributes frames within the LAN?

Ethernet Switch Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use case for a small LAN in a home or small office?

Linking two or more computers to shared peripheral devices. Signup and view all the answers

How do routers function within a LAN?

They connect segments and operate at Layer 3. Signup and view all the answers

What type of media is NOT typically used for network transmission in a LAN?

Old telephone lines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about hubs in modern LANs?

Hubs have largely been replaced by switches. Signup and view all the answers

What role does an access point fulfill in a LAN?

It connects wired and wireless segments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of EtherChannel technology?

To group multiple Ethernet links into a single logical link Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a benefit of using EtherChannel?

It provides greater flexibility in creating logical links. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an EtherChannel when Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) blocks one of the bundles?

All ports belonging to the blocked EtherChannel are disabled. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a restriction of EtherChannel implementation?

EtherChannels must consist of compatibly-configured ports. Signup and view all the answers

When multiple EtherChannels exist between two switches, what does STP do?

It may block one of the bundles to prevent loops. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for VLAN information to be propagated in a VTP domain?

At least one server switch Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a VTP client mode switch?

It requires a server switch to modify VLAN information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical links in an EtherChannel?

All are active unless one fails. Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue arises from a switch with a higher revision number in a VTP domain?

It can propagate incorrect VLAN information. Signup and view all the answers

What does EtherChannel technology enable in relation to load balancing?

Equal distribution of traffic among all physical links. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of VTP pruning?

To filter unnecessary broadcast traffic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of links can be included within a single EtherChannel configuration?

Multiple instances of the same type of compatible Ethernet ports. Signup and view all the answers

What command would you use to verify the VTP settings on a switch?

Switch#show vtp status Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a VTP transparent mode switch?

It forwards VTP advertisements but does not participate in VLAN configuration. Signup and view all the answers

What action can be performed by a VTP server?

Create, modify, or delete VLANs in the network Signup and view all the answers

What happens to VLAN configurations when a switch is in VTP client mode and a server switch changes its VLAN settings?

The client switch will automatically update its VLAN information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum segment length for Ethernet defined in the standards?

200 meters Signup and view all the answers

Which IEEE standard introduced Ethernet over fiber optic cables?

IEEE 802.3j Signup and view all the answers

What is the top speed of the 802.11 ax wireless standard?

3.4 - 14 Gbps Signup and view all the answers

Which frequency band does the 802.11 b standard primarily operate on?

2.4 GHz Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is specific to the 802.11 ax standard?

MU-MIMO Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage is commonly associated with the 2.4 GHz frequency band?

Greater interference Signup and view all the answers

Which standard is characterized as providing backward compatibility with older wireless devices?

802.11 g Signup and view all the answers

Which standard specifies a potential coverage range of up to 150 feet?

802.11 n Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of BSS coloring in the context of wireless networking?

To avoid signal interference Signup and view all the answers

Which 802.11 standard allows connectivity to both wireless router frequencies 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz?

802.11 n Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction & LAN Standards

The objective of the class is for students to explain the key components of LAN and IEEE 802 models.
The subtopic is introduction to LAN and IEEE 802 LAN Standard.

Geographical Coverage

Networks can be classified by their geographical coverage.
Personal Area Networks (PANs): Devices within 10 meters. Usually include cell phones, tablets, and laptops.
Local Area Networks (LANs): Cover smaller areas (building, floor, or campus). Examples include Ethernet and token ring.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs): Connect LANs within a campus or metropolitan area. Example includes FDDI.
Wide Area Networks (WANs): Cover large areas (country, or globe). Examples include the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or the internet.

What is LAN?

A LAN is a network of computers and other components located relatively close together in a limited area.
LANs can range in size, from two computers in a home office to hundreds of computers in a large corporation.
A LAN can be wired or wireless.
LANs can be used by a small business or large corporate office to connect computers and shared peripherals like printers.

LAN Components

Computers: Endpoints in the network for sending and receiving data.
Interconnections: Enable data travel from one point to another.
Network Interface Cards (NICs): Translate the data from the computer into a format for transmission over the LAN.
Network Transmission Media: Wired media (unshielded twisted pair [UTP], coaxial, fiber optic) and wireless media (Bluetooth, microwave, satellite, infrared) carry signals between devices.
Network Devices:
- Hubs: Aggregation devices (Layer 1 OSI).
- Ethernet Switches: Aggregation point (Layer 2 OSI) for intelligent frame distribution.
- Routers: Connect multiple LAN segments (Layer 3 OSI).
- Access Points: Wireless network devices to enable connection to a local area network.

Protocols

Protocols govern data transmission over a LAN:
- Ethernet protocols (CSMA/CD)
- Internet Protocol (IP) - IPv4, IPv6
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Software

Network Operating System (NOS): Examples include Microsoft Windows NT 4 and Windows 2000 Server, and Novell NetWare 3.x, 4.x and 5.x.
Operating Systems: Windows 8 (example)
Application Software: Examples include MS Office, VBasic, etc.

Revision

Host name, MAC address, and IP address identify devices on a LAN.
Local Address is the TCP/IP network address used to access another computer on the same network subnet.
Host name is a label that identifies a device on a network.
MAC address (Media Access Control address) is a unique hardware (or physical address) that identifies a device.
IP address identifies a device on a network or the internet

Host Name | MAC Address | IP Address

Host Name: A label assigned to a device on a network.
MAC Address: A hardware or physical address (48-bit hexadecimal) unique to a device.
IP Address: A unique address that identifies a device on a network or the internet.

The 802 Project Model

IEEE 802 standards are for the physical components (interface card and cabling) of a network, at the physical and data-link layers of the OSI model.
A collection of rules covering physical and data-link layers. Applicable to LANs and MANs.
Aims for multi-vendor interoperability.

Logical Link Control (LLC) | Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayers

LLC Sublayer: Establishes, controls, sequences, and acknowledges frames for managing data-link communication. Also defines the use of service access points (SAPs). OSI layers above LLC use SAPs for data transfer.
MAC Sublayer: Manages media access, delimits frames, checks frame errors, and identifies addresses. The lowest sublayer provides shared access. It's directly responsible for transmitting error-free data between computers over the network.

IEEE 802 Standard

The speed of the network, and the way the NIC accesses and transmits data.
The types of cables used and the method for accessing the network infrastructure.
The NICs and drivers used to implement the network.
Picking the right protocol at the data-link layer is important.

IEEE 802 Categories

The LAN standards created by the 802 committees can be broken into 16 different categories.

Ethernet Explanation

Ethernet uses CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision detection) for transmitting data packets on a network.
The physical layer is important for hardware like repeaters, cables, and network interface cards (i.e., 100BaseTX or 10BaseT indicating cable type).
It determines cable length and the desired network topology.

IEEE 802.3 Popular Versions

IEEE 802.3 is the original standard for 10Base-5 bus topology using thick coaxial cable.
IEEE 802.3a uses thin coaxial cable (10Base2).
IEEE 802.3i uses twisted-pair cable (10Base-T).
IEEE 802.3u uses twisted-pair for 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4, and 100BASE-FX.
IEEE 802.3j is the standard for Ethernet over fiber (10BASE-F).

Comparison Between Ethernet and LAN

Ethernet is a prevalent packet-switched LAN, using bus or star topology. LANs use bus, star, or ring topologies.
Ethernet control is decentralized; LAN control is centralized.
Ethernet uses guided media; LANs use guided and non-guided media for transmission.
Ethernet reliability is lower than LANs.
Ethernet has limitations during transmission; LANs do not have limitations.

IEEE 802.11

Defines standards for wireless networks.

802.11 a | b | g | n | ac | ax

Different generations of Wi-Fi, with varying speeds, ranges, and capabilities.
Some standards might be backward compatible (i.e.: 2.4 GHz).
Also include features like beamforming, MIMO, OFDM, and other specifications.

Exercise

Question 1: Correct answer is A (WiFi 5)
Question 2: Correct answer is A (2.4 GHz)
Question 3: Correct answer is D (all above)
Question 4: Correct answer is not provided.
Question 5: Correct answer is D (I, II and IV).

Which of the following statement is correct about IEEE 802.3 standard

Correct answers are I and II

Which frequency for IEEE 802.11g standard?

2.4 GHz.

The most suitable IEEE 802 standard?

IEEE 802.3

Which of the following is TRUE about 802.3u standard?

Correct answers are III and IV

VLAN Technologies

VLAN (Virtual LAN): A logical grouping of network devices and users that share a physical LAN but are isolated from each other.
Allows for network segmentation, organizational management via traffic isolation, unique IP addressing ranges within a VLAN.
VLANs improve network scalability, security, and ease of network management.

Broadcast Domain

Broadcast domain encompasses the devices within a network segment that receive broadcast messages.
Devices connected to the same network segment have access to the same broadcast domain.
A routed network will have multiple broadcast domains.

Collision Domain

Collision domain relates to the physical network segment of devices sharing a common transmission medium.
Collision is the simultaneous attempts at sending data within a segment, which causes the packets to collide (causing losses and delays).
Hub environments have a single collision domain; bridges or switches divide the network into multiple collision domains, improving efficiency by eliminating collisions within the segment.

Virtual Trunk Protocol (VTP)

VTP is a Cisco protocol used to synchronize VLAN information among network switches.
VTP Server, VTP Client, and VTP Transparent (different modes in a switch)

VTP Pruning

Reducing traffic on trunk links and optimizes bandwidth use by filtering out unnecessary broadcast and unknown unicast frames from switches.
VTP pruning is enabled by default, which results in optimizing the efficiency of the network.

EtherChannel

Combining physical network links into one logical channel, enhancing the bandwidth, load balancing, and redundancy among network devices.

EtherChannel Modes

PAgP (Protocol for Aggregating the Port): A proprietary Cisco protocol for EtherChannel.
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol): An open standard protocol for EtherChannel used by most vendors.
On (ON mode): Forces the creation of an EtherChannel without any negotiation protocol.

EtherChannel Requirements

All ports in an EtherChannel must use the same duplex and speed settings.
All ports must use the same VLAN configuration.
All ports must have the same switchport mode (access or trunk).

Other

Various other topics and features related to VLANs and network technologies were covered in the provided presentation materials.
Many specifics of implementation commands were illustrated.

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