Antimicrobial Medications
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of attenuated vaccines?

  • They provide immediate immunity after a single dose.
  • They can revert to a pathogenic form. (correct)
  • They always cause a mild form of the disease.
  • They require no special storage conditions.

What is a characteristic of attenuated vaccines?

  • They can transmit the vaccine to others and spread immunity. (correct)
  • They do not elicit a long-lasting immune response.
  • They require multiple doses to develop immunity.
  • They are only effective in immunocompromised individuals.

Which disease saw a decrease in cases to nearly 100% after immunization?

  • Mumps
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Pertussis
  • Measles (correct)

What misconception can arise from the success of vaccination programs?

<p>People mistakenly believe vaccines are unnecessary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine's effectiveness can be illustrated by a decrease in cases from 175,885 to nearly 100%?

<p>Diphtheria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action mechanism of Bacitracin?

<p>Blocking transport of peptidoglycan precursors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the toxicity of antibiotics like Streptomycin arise?

<p>They interfere with mitochondrial ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is considered a last resort due to rare but fatal side effects?

<p>Chloramphenicol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target for the action of Rifamycins?

<p>RNA polymerase initiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the antibiotic that is used in topical applications due to its extreme toxicity if taken systemically?

<p>Neomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Erythromycin?

<p>It is mostly bacteriostatic and binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic acts specifically on gyrase and is associated with severe side effects?

<p>Ciprofloxacin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria does Metronidazole primarily affect?

<p>Anaerobic or microaerophilic microorganisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only disease that has been eliminated globally?

<p>Smallpox (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is recommended to receive the Meningococcal vaccine?

<p>Adolescents or high risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a vaccine for Viral Diseases?

<p>Diphtheria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is recommended for everyone every 10 years?

<p>Tetanus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a non-routine vaccine?

<p>Typhoid fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria-related disease is primarily targeted for children or high-risk individuals?

<p>Hemophilus influenza type b (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the treatment of fungal infections complicated?

<p>Fungi are eukaryotes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is recommended for infants and preschool children?

<p>Pertussis (whooping cough) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of passive immunization?

<p>To provide immediate immune response using antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with the frequent use of passive immunization?

<p>Development of antibodies against the patient's own antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine involves using a killed whole organism?

<p>Inactivated vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a toxoid vaccine work?

<p>It purifies toxins and retains only the non-toxic part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of conjugate vaccines?

<p>They convert proteins into T-dependent antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines are mRNA vaccines classified as?

<p>Nucleic acid-based vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which subunit vaccines trigger an immune response?

<p>By injecting key proteins or fragments from the pathogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine type would likely produce fewer side effects due to its mechanism?

<p>Toxoid vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason sulfa drugs are effective against bacterial infections?

<p>They are structurally similar to para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of Mycobacterium contributes to its survival in dry conditions?

<p>Waxy coat of mycolic acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug for treating Mycobacterium infections?

<p>Penicillin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major cellular component differs significantly between eukaryotes and bacteria, enabling the use of some antibacterial medications?

<p>Cell wall composition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do polymyxins affect bacterial cells?

<p>By disrupting membrane integrity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasmids play in bacterial resistance?

<p>They can carry resistance genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is specifically designed to block mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium?

<p>Isoniazid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes Mycobacterium particularly challenging to treat with standard antibiotic regimens?

<p>Their waxy outer coat blocks drug penetration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in targeting viral processes for drug development?

<p>Targeting viral processes often risks damaging host cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral life cycle step is considered the number one target for antiviral drugs?

<p>Nucleic acid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is blocking viral entry complicated?

<p>Viruses can easily mutate and develop resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of nucleic acid synthesis in RNA viruses?

<p>They must code for their own unique nucleic acid polymerase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one downside of using new anti-microbials?

<p>They should be reserved and not used immediately. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the immune system play in combating viral infections?

<p>It can sometimes completely eliminate viruses without drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes antiviral drugs that specifically target viral processes?

<p>Nucleic acid analogs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the specificity in viral targeting?

<p>It increases the likelihood of drug resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antibiotic of last resort for resistant Gram positives

A medication used as a final option when other antibiotics are ineffective against Gram-positive bacteria exhibiting resistance.

Mechanism of action of bacitracin

Bacitracin inhibits peptidoglycan precursor transport, affecting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Bacterial protein synthesis target

Bacterial ribosomes (70S) are primary targets for many antibiotics.

Erythromycin's mechanism

Erythromycin binds to the bacterial large ribosomal subunit (50S), inhibiting protein synthesis.

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Streptomycin's mechanism

Streptomycin binds to the bacterial small ribosomal subunit (30S), disrupting translation initiation and inducing errors.

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Tetracyclines' mechanism

Tetracyclines inhibit tRNA binding to the bacterial ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis.

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Floroquinolones' target

Floroquinolones target topoisomerases (DNA unwinding enzymes) in bacteria, interfering with DNA replication.

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Rifamycins' mechanism

Rifamycins block bacterial RNA polymerase initiation, halting bacterial transcription.

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Bacterial Metabolic Pathways

Many bacterial metabolic pathways are similar to eukaryotic pathways, often with related enzymes. Researchers are focusing on pathways unique to bacteria, like folate synthesis.

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Membrane Integrity (Bacteria)

Bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes share striking similarities. Certain antibiotics can disrupt bacterial membranes, leading to severe side effects.

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Mycobacterium Differences

Mycobacteria have a unique, waxy cell wall (mycolic acids). This allows them to survive in dry conditions and resist many drugs, which often requires long-term treatments.

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Mycobacterium Treatment

Treatments for Mycobacteria infections often involve multiple drugs like Isoniazid (blocks mycolic acid synthesis), Ethambutol (cell wall component blockage) and Rifampin (RNA polymerase interference).

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Anti-bacterial Medication Targets

Antibiotics target key bacterial structures and processes, including bacterial cell walls, ribosomes, nucleic acid synthesis, metabolic pathways and cell membranes.

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Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics

Some antibiotics act against a wide range of bacteria (broad spectrum). Usually effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but certain types of bacteria like Mycobacteria are exceptions.

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Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms

Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics through mutations and the acquisition of resistance genes, particularly through plasmids.

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Folate Synthesis Inhibition

Sulfa drugs are competitive inhibitors, structurally similar to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), blocking a key bacterial metabolic pathway (folate synthesis).

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Antiviral Drug Targets: Why so hard?

Viruses rely heavily on host cell machinery for their functions, making it difficult to target them without affecting the host.

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Viruses: Unique Life Cycle Targets

Each virus has a unique life cycle, creating opportunities for specific antiviral drugs that target these stages.

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What is the first step of viral infection?

Viruses bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells to gain entry.

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Viral Entry: A Target for Intervention

Drugs can block viral entry by interfering with the binding of the virus to the host cell receptor.

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Amantadine's Role: Anti-Influenza

Amantadine (and rimantadine) target viral uncoating, a step after entry.

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Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis: A Key Target

Many viruses code for their own, special nucleic acid polymerase, essential for replication.

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Nucleic Acid Analogs: Silver Bullets?

Analogs of viral nucleic acids can interfere with viral replication, potentially offering broader antiviral potential.

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Antiviral Drug Resistance: A Constant Challenge

Viruses can quickly mutate, leading to resistance to antiviral drugs.

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Passive Immunization

Protection from disease by directly providing antibodies from another source, like recovered patients, mothers or specific immune globulin.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

Lab-made antibodies that are identical and highly specific to one target antigen. Used as medications.

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Vaccines: How do they work?

Stimulate the immune system to develop a robust response against a specific pathogen, preventing infection.

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Attenuated Vaccines

Vaccines that use a weakened version of the pathogen to stimulate immunity. They infect the host but don't cause disease, providing long-lasting immunity and potential transmission to others.

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Problems with Vaccine Success

People may forget the pre-vaccine world, minimizing the benefits of vaccination due to the absence of past hardship. Resistance to vaccines can arise due to this.

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Effectiveness of Vaccines

Vaccines have dramatically reduced disease outbreaks. Examples include nearly 100% decrease in cases for diseases like Measles, Mumps, and Rubella after introducing vaccines.

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Freezer Chain

A specific temperature-controlled delivery system, crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of certain vaccines, particularly those that need to be kept frozen.

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Immunocompromised Host

Individuals with weakened immune systems, who may experience complications like disease from attenuated vaccines, due to their compromised immune response.

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Herd Immunity

The indirect protection from disease that occurs when a large percentage of the population is immune, making transmission unlikely.

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Disease Eradication

The complete and permanent elimination of a disease from a population.

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Recommended Vaccines for Bacterial Diseases

A list of vaccinations typically recommended for bacterial infections, often based on age and risk factors.

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Recommended Vaccines for Viral Diseases

A list of vaccinations typically recommended for viral infections, often based on age and risk factors.

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Non-Routine Vaccines

Vaccines used for specific individuals or situations, often based on travel, exposure risks, or specific health conditions.

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Anti-Fungal Medications

Medicines used to treat fungal infections, often challenging to develop due to the similarities between fungal and human cells.

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What is the only disease eradicated from the planet?

Smallpox, a viral disease that caused widespread suffering and death, is the only human disease eradicated through vaccination efforts.

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Why are unvaccinated children at higher risk if there is an outbreak?

When a large portion of the population is vaccinated (herd immunity), it protects those who cannot be vaccinated, like infants and those with weakened immune systems. However, if there is an outbreak, unvaccinated individuals are more susceptible.

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