Antimicrobial Medications
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of attenuated vaccines?

  • They provide immediate immunity after a single dose.
  • They can revert to a pathogenic form. (correct)
  • They always cause a mild form of the disease.
  • They require no special storage conditions.

    • What is a characteristic of attenuated vaccines?

  • They can transmit the vaccine to others and spread immunity. (correct)
  • They do not elicit a long-lasting immune response.
  • They require multiple doses to develop immunity.
  • They are only effective in immunocompromised individuals.

    • Which disease saw a decrease in cases to nearly 100% after immunization?

  • Mumps
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Pertussis
  • Measles (correct)

    • What misconception can arise from the success of vaccination programs?

    <p>People mistakenly believe vaccines are unnecessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine's effectiveness can be illustrated by a decrease in cases from 175,885 to nearly 100%?

    <p>Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action mechanism of Bacitracin?

    <p>Blocking transport of peptidoglycan precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the toxicity of antibiotics like Streptomycin arise?

    <p>They interfere with mitochondrial ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is considered a last resort due to rare but fatal side effects?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target for the action of Rifamycins?

    <p>RNA polymerase initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the antibiotic that is used in topical applications due to its extreme toxicity if taken systemically?

    <p>Neomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Erythromycin?

    <p>It is mostly bacteriostatic and binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic acts specifically on gyrase and is associated with severe side effects?

    <p>Ciprofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria does Metronidazole primarily affect?

    <p>Anaerobic or microaerophilic microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only disease that has been eliminated globally?

    <p>Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is recommended to receive the Meningococcal vaccine?

    <p>Adolescents or high risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a vaccine for Viral Diseases?

    <p>Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is recommended for everyone every 10 years?

    <p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a non-routine vaccine?

    <p>Typhoid fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria-related disease is primarily targeted for children or high-risk individuals?

    <p>Hemophilus influenza type b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the treatment of fungal infections complicated?

    <p>Fungi are eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is recommended for infants and preschool children?

    <p>Pertussis (whooping cough)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of passive immunization?

    <p>To provide immediate immune response using antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with the frequent use of passive immunization?

    <p>Development of antibodies against the patient's own antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine involves using a killed whole organism?

    <p>Inactivated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a toxoid vaccine work?

    <p>It purifies toxins and retains only the non-toxic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of conjugate vaccines?

    <p>They convert proteins into T-dependent antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccines are mRNA vaccines classified as?

    <p>Nucleic acid-based vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which subunit vaccines trigger an immune response?

    <p>By injecting key proteins or fragments from the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type would likely produce fewer side effects due to its mechanism?

    <p>Toxoid vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason sulfa drugs are effective against bacterial infections?

    <p>They are structurally similar to para-amino benzoic acid (PABA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Mycobacterium contributes to its survival in dry conditions?

    <p>Waxy coat of mycolic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug for treating Mycobacterium infections?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major cellular component differs significantly between eukaryotes and bacteria, enabling the use of some antibacterial medications?

    <p>Cell wall composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do polymyxins affect bacterial cells?

    <p>By disrupting membrane integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasmids play in bacterial resistance?

    <p>They can carry resistance genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is specifically designed to block mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium?

    <p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes Mycobacterium particularly challenging to treat with standard antibiotic regimens?

    <p>Their waxy outer coat blocks drug penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in targeting viral processes for drug development?

    <p>Targeting viral processes often risks damaging host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral life cycle step is considered the number one target for antiviral drugs?

    <p>Nucleic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blocking viral entry complicated?

    <p>Viruses can easily mutate and develop resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of nucleic acid synthesis in RNA viruses?

    <p>They must code for their own unique nucleic acid polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one downside of using new anti-microbials?

    <p>They should be reserved and not used immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the immune system play in combating viral infections?

    <p>It can sometimes completely eliminate viruses without drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes antiviral drugs that specifically target viral processes?

    <p>Nucleic acid analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the specificity in viral targeting?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of drug resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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