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Questions and Answers
What type of Security Association is used as the inner SA in a transport adjacency configuration?
What type of Security Association is used as the inner SA in a transport adjacency configuration?
In case 1, security is provided only between gateways and does not involve end systems implementing IPsec.
In case 1, security is provided only between gateways and does not involve end systems implementing IPsec.
False
What is the primary disadvantage of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange algorithm?
What is the primary disadvantage of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange algorithm?
It is subject to a man-in-the-middle attack.
In automated key management, IKE key determination relies on the __________ key exchange algorithm.
In automated key management, IKE key determination relies on the __________ key exchange algorithm.
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Match the following cases of security associations with their descriptions:
Match the following cases of security associations with their descriptions:
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What are the three functional areas encompassed by IP-level security?
What are the three functional areas encompassed by IP-level security?
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IPsec processing is transparent to workstations and servers on a local area network.
IPsec processing is transparent to workstations and servers on a local area network.
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What does the encapsulating security payload (ESP) provide in IP Security?
What does the encapsulating security payload (ESP) provide in IP Security?
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The source of the packet is verified through __________ in IP-level security.
The source of the packet is verified through __________ in IP-level security.
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Match the following components of IPsec with their functions:
Match the following components of IPsec with their functions:
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What role does IPsec play in routing applications?
What role does IPsec play in routing applications?
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IPsec processing can only be utilized with IPv6 networks.
IPsec processing can only be utilized with IPv6 networks.
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Which field indicates the next higher level protocol in the TCP/IP stack?
Which field indicates the next higher level protocol in the TCP/IP stack?
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The Integrity Check Value (ICV) field is protected by encryption.
The Integrity Check Value (ICV) field is protected by encryption.
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What integer value represents the ESP header in IPSec with IPv4?
What integer value represents the ESP header in IPSec with IPv4?
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The _______ field is designed to thwart replay attacks.
The _______ field is designed to thwart replay attacks.
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Match the following ESP services with their descriptions:
Match the following ESP services with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a purpose of the padding field in ESP?
Which of the following is a purpose of the padding field in ESP?
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IPv6 can use an arbitrary number of headers for a packet.
IPv6 can use an arbitrary number of headers for a packet.
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What is the role of the Initialization Vector (IV) in ESP?
What is the role of the Initialization Vector (IV) in ESP?
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What is the default size of the window W for out-of-order delivery?
What is the default size of the window W for out-of-order delivery?
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The _______ field must be initialized to 0 when a new Security Association (SA) is established.
The _______ field must be initialized to 0 when a new Security Association (SA) is established.
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Which protocol is represented by the integer 51?
Which protocol is represented by the integer 51?
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The sender is allowed to cycle the sequence number back to zero once the limit is reached.
The sender is allowed to cycle the sequence number back to zero once the limit is reached.
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What does ESP stand for in the context of transport mode?
What does ESP stand for in the context of transport mode?
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The __________ mode is used to counter traffic analysis by encrypting the packet and prefixing it with an ESP header.
The __________ mode is used to counter traffic analysis by encrypting the packet and prefixing it with an ESP header.
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Match the following to their correct description:
Match the following to their correct description:
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Which of the following protocols is used primarily for authentication in IPsec?
Which of the following protocols is used primarily for authentication in IPsec?
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What is a key benefit of using tunnel mode in network security?
What is a key benefit of using tunnel mode in network security?
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The Security Policy Database (SPD) defines the parameters associated with each Security Association (SA).
The Security Policy Database (SPD) defines the parameters associated with each Security Association (SA).
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Each intermediate router needs to examine and process the ciphertext in transport mode ESP.
Each intermediate router needs to examine and process the ciphertext in transport mode ESP.
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What term refers to a sequence of security associations for processing traffic?
What term refers to a sequence of security associations for processing traffic?
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What are the two modes of use supported by both AH and ESP protocols?
What are the two modes of use supported by both AH and ESP protocols?
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A Security Association (SA) is uniquely identified by three parameters: Security Parameters Index (SPI), IP Destination Address, and _____
A Security Association (SA) is uniquely identified by three parameters: Security Parameters Index (SPI), IP Destination Address, and _____
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When the sequence number reaches (2^32 – 1), the sender must terminate the current SA and negotiate a new __________.
When the sequence number reaches (2^32 – 1), the sender must terminate the current SA and negotiate a new __________.
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In which mode does the block of data consisting of the ESP trailer plus the entire transport-layer segment get encrypted?
In which mode does the block of data consisting of the ESP trailer plus the entire transport-layer segment get encrypted?
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Match the following IPsec components with their descriptions:
Match the following IPsec components with their descriptions:
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What is the primary purpose of the Security Association Database (SAD)?
What is the primary purpose of the Security Association Database (SAD)?
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IPsec only provides authentication and does not support encryption.
IPsec only provides authentication and does not support encryption.
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What is the significance of the Anti-Replay Window in the Security Association Database (SAD)?
What is the significance of the Anti-Replay Window in the Security Association Database (SAD)?
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The Security Policy Database (SPD) uses _____ to filter outgoing traffic and map it to a particular Security Association.
The Security Policy Database (SPD) uses _____ to filter outgoing traffic and map it to a particular Security Association.
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Study Notes
IP Security Lecture Notes
- IP security protects network communication
- Application-specific security mechanisms exist, but IP-level security ensures secure networking for all applications.
- Authentication, confidentiality, and key management are core components of IP-level security.
- IP-level authentication ensures data packets are unaltered in transit and their origin is correct.
- IPsec security can be incorporated into networking devices like routers or firewalls, enabling secure communication between LANs.
- IPsec VPNs facilitate secure transmission between individual users and the internet.
- Security policies are determined by interactions between two databases: the security association database (SAD) and the security policy database (SPD).
Security Association (SA)
- An SA is a one-way logical connection between sender and receiver providing security services.
- Identified by three parameters: Security Parameters Index (SPI), IP Destination Address, and Security Protocol Identifier (AH or ESP)
SA Database (SAD)
- Stores parameters associated with each SA.
- Parameters include SPI, Sequence Number Counter, Sequence Counter Overflow, Anti-Replay Window, AH and ESP information, Lifetime, IPsec Protocol Mode, and Path MTU.
Security Policy Database (SPD)
- Contains entries defining subsets of IP traffic with associated SAs.
- SPD entries are determined by selectors including remote IP address, local IP address, next layer protocol, name, and local and remote ports.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
- ESP provides confidentiality by encrypting data payloads and optional authentication.
- Initialization Vector (IV) is typically not encrypted, but the Integrity Check Value (ICV) field is separate and is computed after encryption, protecting data integrity.
- Padding ensures the encrypted data meets expected size requirements.
- Essential for limited traffic flow confidentiality.
Authentication and Authentication Approaches
- Authentication using digital signatures ensures data authenticity by hashing parameters with private keys.
- Employing public-key encryption allows for secure transmission of parameters and IDs.
- Security association bundle (SAB) sequences of SAs process traffic for desired IPsec services.
- ESP with authentication option: The user applies ESP to data, then adds authentication data.
- Transport Adjacency bundles ESP with an AH SA. authentication covers IP addresses.
- Transport-Tunnel Bundle bundles a transport SA with an ESP tunnel SA. Security is applied before the encryption
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
- IKE is a protocol that automates key management.
- Key management involves exchanging keys for secure communication between two applications (transmit and receive pairs for integrity and confidentiality).
- IKEv2 includes advanced features to prevent replay and clogging attacks.
- IKE key determination uses Diffie-Hellman as well as global parameters (prime number, primitive root)
Cryptographic Suites
- RFCs define suites of cryptographic algorithms and parameters to promote interoperability.
- VPN-A and VPN-B suites are commonly used for establishing Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
- RFC 6379 expands on the cryptographic suite options, offering different protection levels based on algorithm strengths.
IKEv2 Exchanges & Messages
- IKEv2 uses message exchanges in pairs for initial communication (identifying algorithms, nonces, and Diffie-Hellman parameters).
- The result establishes an IKE SA.
- A second exchange authenticates parties to create an IPsec SA.
- IKE messages include a header and payloads, and the payloads are hierarchical with multiple protocols and transforms.
Assignment
- List features of IPsec algorithms from assigned slides, including:
- Describe the configuration of one of the 4 cases from slide 30 using Juniper IPsec VPN User guide.
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Description
Explore the essential components and mechanisms of IP security. This quiz covers topics such as authentication, confidentiality, key management, and the workings of IPsec. Assess your understanding of how IP security protects network communication across various applications.
