IoT Communication Protocols and Concepts

Small chips, typically a few square millimeters in size, with enough processing power, memory, and networking capabilities for basic IoT functionality.

The capability of an IoT node to be programmed and customized to perform specific tasks.

A characteristic of IoT systems where events are considered fundamental data points, triggering actions and responses.

The act of processing data in real-time as events occur, rather than handling them in batches.

A system where time is a critical factor and events are analyzed in the order they occurred.

A collection of data points with both a time stamp and a value representing an event.

A model where an event value can be repeated multiple times, indicating no change in state.

The ability of IoT systems to respond to events and trigger actions based on the sequence of events.

The cost of installing wiring for power and networking can be significantly reduced by using energy harvesting technologies, which eliminates the need for traditional wiring.

Energy harvesting, also known as energy scavenging, is a process of converting energy from various sources in the environment into usable electrical power.

The cost of replacing batteries in devices like electronic door locks can be significant, requiring dedicated personnel and resources.

Energy harvesting techniques like solar cells, anemometers, and footfall sensors convert energy from different sources with varying efficiencies and yields.

Harvested energy is often stored in a battery, capacitor, or supercapacitor for later use when the energy source is unavailable or insufficient.

Power management circuitry within energy-harvesting devices regulates and controls the flow of harvested energy to power the device.

Common sources of energy harvesting include radio frequency, ambient light, thermal energy, and mechanical vibrations.

The efficiency of an energy harvesting system is influenced by factors such as the conversion efficiency of the transducer, power consumption of internal circuitry, and energy leakage from the storage element.

A communication protocol designed for long-range, low-power communication in IoT applications, covering large areas with a single base station.

A publish/subscribe messaging protocol that is lightweight, efficient, and designed for use in constrained environments like IoT devices.

MQTT's quality of service (QoS) level that is at least once - it guarantees the message is delivered but might result in duplicates.

MQTT's quality of service (QoS) level that is at most once - it provides best-effort service, but doesn't guarantee delivery.

MQTT's quality of service (QoS) level that is exactly once - it ensures the message is delivered precisely once, without duplication.

A protocol for transmitting XML data over a network, providing security, authentication, and network status information.

A REST-based protocol designed specifically for IoT devices. It is lightweight and efficient, and can handle various data formats like XML and JSON.

REST (Representational State Transfer) is a design pattern for stateless HTTP communication, widely used for web services including IoT applications.

The rate at which events are generated in a system.

The duration for which an event remains active in the system.

The product of event generation rate (λ) and event lifetime (L). A metric used to understand maximum event populations.

A probability distribution used to model event generations in IoT scenarios, assuming events arrive independently and at a constant rate.

A distribution that models the number of busy servers (memory locations) in a system, where the number of servers is limited.

A measure of the traffic load on a system, expressed in units of erlangs. It accounts for both event rate and lifetime.

The maximum number of events that can be active simultaneously in a system. It is affected by factors like buffer size and event lifetime.

The use of IoT technology in industrial settings to improve flexibility, productivity, and cost reduction.

A common framework for IIoT where smart devices interact and coordinate to achieve goals.

The integration of operational technology (OT) with traditional enterprise IT systems to manage industrial processes effectively.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) are key components of operational technology (OT), which governs industrial processes.

The concept of using IIoT technology to create unified management systems for factories, encompassing all aspects from business processes to sensors.

The use of IIoT technology has expanded beyond manufacturing to critical infrastructure like energy production and distribution networks.

Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) manage manufacturing operations but integrating them into the enterprise IT systems poses challenges due to interoperability issues.

The development of integrated systems that manage entire enterprises from business processes to sensors brings significant flexibility and opportunities.

The convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) in industrial settings, combining data analysis and physical processes for enhanced efficiency and automation.

The use of IIoT in the energy sector to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption, including smart grids and efficient resource management.

The integration of sensors, actuators, and communication networks to monitor and control physical processes in industrial environments, enabling real-time data collection and decision-making.

The challenge of ensuring both safety and security in IIoT systems, which involves integrating traditionally separate concerns from the OT and IT sectors.

A set of standards that define guidelines for security in industrial control systems, aiming to mitigate risks and vulnerabilities.

A reference architecture that provides a structural framework for designing and implementing IIoT systems, outlining key components and their interactions.

The rapid evolution of IIoT driven by advancements in technology, changing industry needs, and the need for intelligent automation.

The integration of IIoT with energy management systems to achieve efficient power usage, grid optimization, and renewable energy integration.