Ionizing Radiation in Pharmaceutical Sterilization

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What is the direct action of ionizing radiation on microorganisms?

Interaction with target regions in molecules (correct)

Absorption of radiation by water

Production of free radicals

Excitation of mold spores

How does a single ionization in sensitive regions of molecules affect microorganisms?

Increases microbial resistance

Promotes microbial reproduction

Stimulates microbial growth

Causes inactivation of the molecule (correct)

What is the role of water in indirect action of ionizing radiation?

Transfer of energy to solute molecules

Production of free radicals (correct)

Excitation of mold spores

Direct interaction with target regions

How does ionizing radiation cause harm at the molecular level?

By causing direct inactivation of molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy imparted in dilute solutions exposed to radiation?

Water Signup and view all the answers

How does ionizing radiation cause microbial death through indirect action?

By absorption by water and production of free radicals Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the major subject of cellular damage?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

What makes free radicals extremely reactive?

Having an unpaired electron in their inner orbitals Signup and view all the answers

What can be broken in free radical reactions?

Any chemical bond Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen influence free radical formation?

By enabling the creation of more stable free radical species Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of transfer of a free radical to a biological molecule?

It causes bond breakage or inactivation of key functions Signup and view all the answers

What does the organic peroxy radical do in terms of transferring radicals?

It causes damage at each encounter by transferring radicals from molecule to molecule Signup and view all the answers

Why is DUR important when optimizing radiation doses for irradiation-sensitive materials?

To minimize degradation of the product Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does radiation sterilization have in terms of temperature independence?

It is efficient at both ambient and sub-zero temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of radiation sterilization in terms of chemical usage?

It does not require any volatile or toxic chemicals Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect is radiation sterilization especially flexible?

Can sterilize products in any phase and with varying characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the time efficiency of e-beam sterilization?

Completion within seconds to minutes Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does radiation sterilization offer in terms of packaging?

Final packaging can be maintained during processing Signup and view all the answers