Ionic Bonds: Formation and Examples

• Ionic bonds form when a metal and a non-metal react.
• One atom transfers electrons to another in ionic bonds.
• This transfer results in cations (positive ions with more protons) and anions (negative ions with more electrons).
• Oppositely charged ions attract each other through electrostatic attraction, which forms the ionic bond.
• Ionic bonds result from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Metals transfer electrons and become positive ions.
• Non-metals receive electrons and become negative ions.
• Ionic bonds connect metals and non-metals.

Ionic Bond Formation (Sodium Chloride Example)

• Electrons transfer from the metal (sodium) to the non-metal (chlorine).
• The metal atom (sodium) becomes a positive ion.
• The non-metal atom (chlorine) becomes a negative ion.
• Oppositely charged ions attract, forming the ionic bond.

Aluminum and Sulfur Ionic Bond

• Aluminum (Al) is a metal, and Sulfur (S) is a nonmetal.
• Aluminum loses three electrons to become Al³⁺.
• Sulfur gains two electrons to become S²⁻.
• Two Al³⁺ ions bond with three S²⁻ ions to form Al₂S₃ (Aluminum Sulfide).
• Opposite charges attract strongly, creating the ionic bond.

Covalent Bonds

• These are bonds where electrons are shared to satisfy the octet rule.

Polar Covalent Bonds

• Electrons are shared unequally in polar covalent bonds.
• This occurs when two covalently bonded atoms have different electronegativity.
• The atom with higher electronegativity pulls electrons more strongly.
• Unequal sharing of electrons results from this difference in electronegativity.

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

• Electrons are shared equally in nonpolar covalent bonds.
• This happens between two atoms with the same electronegativity.
• Neither atom pulls electrons more strongly than the other.
• Equal sharing makes the bond non-polar.

Example: Two Chlorine Atoms (Cl – Cl)

• This is a nonpolar covalent bond.
• The line between them represents two electrons.
• Both chlorine atoms pull on these electrons.
• Electrons in the bond are shared equally.

Explore the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals. Understand electron transfer, cation and anion formation, and electrostatic attraction. Examples include sodium chloride and the bond between aluminum and sulfur.