Questions and Answers
What did President George W. Bush declare following the September 11 attacks?
He would make no distinction between those who committed these acts and those who harbor them.
What was one result of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan?
Weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq.
False
What impact did the elimination of Osama bin Laden have on the war on terrorism?
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What did the United States Congress pass following the events of September 11?
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What was the purpose of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1624?
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The Aum Shinrikyo group committed further acts of terrorism after the sarin gas attack.
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What was the response of the Japanese government to the Aum Shinrikyo sarin gas attack?
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The London Underground had never been attacked before 2005.
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What was the aim of the International Criminal Court's 2005 action against Joseph Kony?
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What do many Americans believe about the PATRIOT Act?
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Match the following events with their descriptions:
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Religious fundamentalists generally avoid using extreme measures for their beliefs.
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U.S. intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan has effectively captured terrorist leaders.
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What are weapons of mass destruction?
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What are biological weapons?
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What is cyberterrorism?
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What is fundamentalism?
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What is the Taliban?
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What is Hamas?
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What is Hezbollah?
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What is the PATRIOT Act?
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What is the Department of Homeland Security?
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What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
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What caused the Persian Gulf War?
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What is Resolution 1624?
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What is anthrax?
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What is racial profiling?
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Who is Joseph Kony?
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What is the Lord's Resistance Army?
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What is the International Criminal Court?
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What is the definition of Invisible Warfare?
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What motivates terrorists?
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What happened in Oklahoma City?
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What was the Aum Shinrikyo attack?
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What was the goal of the ETA group in Spain?
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What happened during the September 11 attacks?
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What was the Beslan school hostage crisis?
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What happened during the London Underground bombings?
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What was the motivation behind the Delhi bombings?
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Study Notes
Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Defined as weapons that can cause mass casualties and significant destruction to people, infrastructure, and the environment.
Biological Weapons
- Utilize bacteria, viruses, or toxins to harm humans, animals, or plants during warfare.
Cyberterrorism
- Involves using computer technology to disrupt critical services and instill fear within a population.
Fundamentalism
- Movement aimed at restoring traditional values, often in a religious context, with associations to various world religions.
Taliban
- An Islamic fundamentalist group that governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001.
Hamas
- A Palestinian Islamic fundamentalist political party governing the Gaza Strip since June 2007; recognized as a terrorist organization by the U.S. and EU.
Hezbollah
- An Islamic fundamentalist group and political party based in Lebanon; designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S.
PATRIOT Act
- Enacted in 2002, this act expanded law enforcement's ability to gather information and increased authorities' power in detaining suspected terrorists.
Department of Homeland Security
- Established after September 11 attacks to protect the U.S. from terrorist threats and coordinate response efforts.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Adopted by the UN in 1948, it outlines fundamental human rights entitled to all individuals globally.
Anthrax
- A deadly disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, primarily affecting livestock and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated products.
Racial Profiling
- The practice of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based solely on their race or ethnicity.
Joseph Kony
- Leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, a guerrilla group operating in Central Africa known for its violent actions.
Lord's Resistance Army
- A rebel group primarily active in Uganda, notorious for crimes against civilians, including abduction and sexual violence.
International Criminal Court
- Established in 2002 to prosecute individuals for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity.
Invisible Warfare
- Terrorism employs fear to attain political, national, or religious goals, often without direct knowledge of the perpetrator by victims.
Causes of Terrorism
- Motivated by various grievances, including political frustration, longstanding territorial disputes, and, frequently, fundamentalist beliefs.
Instances of Terrorism
- Notable examples include:
- Oklahoma City Bombing: Timothy McVeigh's attack killed 168 people in 1995, motivated by anti-government sentiment.
- Aum Shinrikyo: A Japanese cult responsible for the 1995 subway gas attack.
- ETA: A Basque nationalist group conducted attacks from 1961 until their ceasefire in 2011.
- September 11 Attacks: In 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked planes, resulting in nearly 3,000 deaths.
Responses to Terrorism
- Governments worldwide have had varied success in counter-terrorism efforts, leading to significant social and policy changes.
U.S. Actions Against Terrorism
- Following 9/11, military action was taken against Afghanistan, leading to the Taliban's removal and a quest for a democratic government.
- Iraq War initiated in 2003 under claims of weapons of mass destruction, with no such evidence found, resulting in widespread criticism of U.S. efforts.### Iraqi Regime and Terrorism
- Saddam Hussein's removal was supported by many Iraqis but strengthened Iran's regime.
- Iran supports terrorist organizations such as Hamas and Hezbollah.
- The Taliban continues to operate as insurgents in Afghanistan, facing U.S. and Afghan forces.
U.S. Response to Terrorism
- The elimination of Osama bin Laden in 2011 by U.S. special forces marked a notable victory in the war on terrorism.
- The U.S. Congress enacted the PATRIOT Act to tighten national security in response to terrorism.
- The Department of Homeland Security was created to enhance efforts in counter-terrorism.
PATRIOT Act Controversies
- The PATRIOT Act allows for wiretapping, surveillance, email monitoring, and accessing financial documents linked to suspected terrorists with a federal warrant.
- Cell phone and internet activities are monitored under this act.
- Security measures at airports prevent passengers from bringing potentially dangerous items, including water bottles.
- Racial profiling is reportedly used against Middle Eastern individuals, leading to discussions about civil liberties and constitutional rights.
Global Cooperation on Terrorism
- The United Nations Security Council's Resolution 1624 (2005) urged countries to collaborate in fighting terrorism while upholding human rights.
Aum Shinrikyo Sarin Gas Attack
- The attack in Tokyo created fear similar to that after September 11.
- Japan responded by revoking the cult's status as a religious organization and monitoring its activities.
- Aum Shinrikyo, led by Shoko Asahara, underwent significant changes post-attack and currently has over 2,000 members without committing further acts of terrorism.
London Underground Bombings
- The 2005 bombings prompted a major investigation, mostly questioning the Muslim community in London.
- The investigation uncovered other crimes leading to the deportation of many immigrants.
- The bombings highlighted security needs for the subway system, similar to enhancements made in airports.
Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
- Uganda's government struggles against Joseph Kony's LRA and has downplayed its significance.
- In contrast, Sudan has provided support to the LRA to prevent attacks on its citizens.
- The International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Kony and LRA leaders in 2005 for war crimes.
- In 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama dispatched military advisors to aid Uganda in countering the LRA.
Self-Check Questions Overview
- The PATRIOT Act broadly expands federal search and surveillance powers.
- Hamas did not orchestrate the September 11 attacks.
- Religious fundamentalists often aim to revert society to basic beliefs, with some using extreme measures.
- The London Underground had been previously attacked before the 2005 bombings.
- The UN Security Council has openly condemned international terrorism.
- Governments in LRA-operating regions have not effectively countered the group's actions.
- The motives of the Basque ETA are predominantly nationalist rather than religious.
- No weapons of mass destruction were found by American soldiers in Iraq.
- The Cold War period significantly influenced the evolution of modern terrorism.
- U.S. interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan did not yield successful captures of terrorist leaders or supportive political figures.
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Description
Explore key concepts related to invisible warfare through these flashcards. This quiz covers terminology such as weapons of mass destruction, biological weapons, and cyberterrorism. Perfect for understanding modern threats in warfare.
