Investment Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason why growth stocks typically pay low or no dividends?

  • Their stock prices are too volatile.
  • They are focused on short-term profits.
  • They prioritize shareholder value over growth.
  • They reinvest profits into business expansion. (correct)
  • What is a key characteristic of a value stock?

  • They have high growth potential but are currently underperforming.
  • They are issued by companies with a strong track record of dividend payments.
  • They are typically found in emerging markets with high economic growth.
  • They are often traded at a price lower than their intrinsic value. (correct)
  • What is the primary purpose of diversification in a portfolio?

  • To maximize returns by investing in high-growth sectors.
  • To reduce tax liabilities through strategic asset allocation.
  • To minimize risk by spreading investments across different asset classes. (correct)
  • To increase liquidity by holding a variety of assets.
  • What is the main difference between bonds and debentures in the Indian securities market?

    <p>Bonds are issued by the government, while debentures are issued by private companies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "maturity" of a bond?

    <p>The date when the bond's principal amount is repaid to the lender. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "coupon" of a bond?

    <p>The interest rate paid by the borrower on the principal amount of the bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a portfolio?

    <p>Personal belongings like furniture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of investing in a diversified portfolio?

    <p>It reduces the overall risk by spreading investments across different asset classes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a 'bullish' market trend?

    <p>The stock market index is experiencing an upward trend. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ETF (Exchange Traded Fund)?

    <p>An investment product that offers investors a fixed interest rate over a specified period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a 'long position' and a 'short position' in the stock market?

    <p>A long position aims to profit from rising prices, while a short position aims to profit from falling prices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fund is ideal for short-term investors seeking higher returns, as an alternative to fixed deposits?

    <p>Liquid Funds/Money Market Funds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When would an investor NOT be able to invest in a close-ended fund?

    <p>After the fixed date of redemption has passed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fund aims to minimize risk by diversifying between equities and debt instruments?

    <p>Balanced Funds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a Growth Plan in mutual funds?

    <p>The emphasis is on increasing the principal value of the investment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fund would be most appealing to investors seeking a secure investment with low risk?

    <p>Gilt Funds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP)?

    <p>It automatically increases the number of units held by investors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between open-ended and close-ended funds?

    <p>Open-ended funds allow continuous investment and redemption, while close-ended funds have fixed periods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fund is suitable for investors who need quick access to their capital?

    <p>Liquid Funds/Money Market Funds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective behind the creation of SEBI?

    <p>To ensure a fair and transparent stock market for investors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change did the introduction of a screen-based trading system (SBTS) bring to the Indian securities market?

    <p>It provided a more efficient and transparent trading system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary issue addressed by the implementation of the T+2 days settlement cycle?

    <p>The delay in settling stock transactions, which was previously 14 to 30 days. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective behind the Depositories Act of 1996?

    <p>To eliminate the need for physical movement of securities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem did clearing corporations aim to address in the securities market?

    <p>The risk of counterparty credit defaults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these changes involved the introduction of a new law?

    <p>Establishment of depositories like NSDL and CDSL. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main problem faced by the open outcry system used for stock trading in India before the introduction of SBTS?

    <p>The inefficiency and time-consuming nature of matching and recording trades. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did demutualization impact the stock exchanges in India?

    <p>It made stock exchanges more accountable and transparent to investors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an arbitration mechanism in relation to investor complaints?

    <p>To offer an alternative dispute resolution method when administrative solutions fail. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between risk and potential returns in equity investments?

    <p>Higher risk investments have the potential for higher returns, but also greater potential losses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the price of a growth stock?

    <p>The company's potential for future growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of a value stock?

    <p>Undervalued by the market, potentially offering a good investment opportunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'market-specific' factor that can influence stock prices?

    <p>A favorable change in government regulations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of researching equity markets and individual stocks before investing?

    <p>To understand the company's financial health and its potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a growth stock and a value stock?

    <p>Growth stocks are expected to experience rapid growth, while value stocks are expected to be stable and undervalued. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should an investor file a reference to arbitration for a dispute with a company?

    <p>Within six months of the date the dispute arose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum age requirement for a sub-broker?

    <p>21 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following must a sub-broker have passed to be eligible for registration?

    <p>A 12th standard equivalent examination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of entities can be eligible to become trading members of the Exchange?

    <p>Individuals, partnerships, corporations, and institutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a sub-broker in the capital market?

    <p>To act as an intermediary between a stockbroker and a client (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an investor verify if a broker is registered with SEBI?

    <p>By verifying the registration certificate issued by SEBI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for an entity to be granted a certificate of registration as a stock broker?

    <p>They must have adequate infrastructure and manpower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the status of a stock broker if there is a change in its constitution?

    <p>The broker must obtain prior permission from SEBI to continue trading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an eligibility criterion for a sub-broker?

    <p>They must have at least 5 years of experience in the securities market (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    SEBI

    Securities and Exchange Board of India, regulating securities markets.

    Screen Based Trading

    Automated trading system introduced by NSE for efficiency and transparency.

    T+2 Settlement Cycle

    Trading cycle with settlement in two days, established in April 2003.

    Dematerialisation

    Conversion of physical securities into electronic form for ease of transfer.

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    Depositories Act, 1996

    Law enabling establishment of depositories for electronic securities trading.

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    NSDL and CDSL

    Two main depositories in India for electronic transfer of securities.

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    National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd.

    First clearing corporation set up by NSE to manage counter-party credit risk.

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    Market Regulator

    An organization that supervises financial markets to protect investors.

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    SEBI Registration for Stock Brokers

    SEBI checks eligibility, infrastructure, and experience before granting registration.

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    Conditions for Stock Broker Registration

    Stock brokers must hold membership, follow rules, and address complaints timely.

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    Eligible Trading Members

    Individuals, partnerships, institutions, and companies can become trading members.

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    Broker Registration Verification

    Broker’s registration number starts with 'INB', sub-broker with 'INS' for verification.

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    Role of Sub-Brokers

    Sub-brokers act as intermediaries between stock brokers and clients for transactions.

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    Sub-Broker Eligibility

    Sub-brokers must be 21+, not convicted of fraud, and have a 12th standard education.

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    Precautions in Stock Market Investment

    Investors should perform due diligence and verify broker registrations before investing.

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    Membership Abidance

    Registered brokers must abide by the exchange's rules and address grievances efficiently.

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    Arbitration

    A quasi-judicial process for dispute resolution outside the courts.

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    Equities

    Shares of a company that represent ownership.

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    Long-term equity returns

    Returns on equity investments that typically outperform other investments over time.

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    High-risk investments

    Investments with the potential for high returns but risk of loss.

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    Stock-specific factors

    Factors influencing a stock's price based on company performance and management.

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    Market-specific factors

    Influences on stock prices based on overall market trends and sentiment.

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    Growth Stocks

    Stocks from companies with excellent growth potential in sales and earnings.

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    Investment study

    The process of researching equity markets and specific stocks before buying.

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    Liquid Funds

    Funds investing in short-term, highly liquid money market instruments for quick returns.

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    Gilt Funds

    Funds that invest in government securities, ensuring secured returns with lower risk.

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    Balanced Funds

    Funds that invest in both equity and fixed-income instruments for steady returns and growth.

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    Open-ended Funds

    Funds allowing continuous subscriptions and redemptions, linked to daily net asset value (NAV).

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    Closed-ended Funds

    Funds with a fixed subscription period, closed after the IPO; fixed redemption date.

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    Growth Plan in Mutual Funds

    A plan where returns are reinvested instead of being distributed, focusing on capital appreciation.

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    Dividend Plan in Mutual Funds

    A plan that distributes dividends regularly for those seeking income from their investments.

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    Dividend Reinvestment Plan

    Plan allowing automatic reinvestment of dividends, increasing the number of units held by investors.

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    ETFs

    Exchange-Traded Funds that trade like stocks, providing liquidity.

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    Dividends

    Payments made by ETFs from dividends of stocks held in their portfolio.

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    Bull Market

    A market condition where stock prices are rising.

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    Bear Market

    A market condition where stock prices are falling.

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    52 Week High

    The highest trading price of a stock in the last 52 weeks.

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    52 Week Low

    The lowest trading price of a stock in the last 52 weeks.

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    Long Position

    Buying shares expecting an increase in value; bullish stance.

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    Short Position

    Selling a security intending to buy it back at a lower price; bearish stance.

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    Value Stocks

    Stocks trading below intrinsic value, often overlooked by investors.

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    Portfolio

    A mix of various investment assets to achieve financial goals.

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    Diversification

    Risk management technique using various investments to reduce risk.

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    Debt Instrument

    A contract where one party lends money to another under specific terms.

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    Maturity of a Bond

    The date when the borrower repays the principal of the bond.

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    Coupon

    Periodic interest payments made to the bondholder by the issuer.

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    Intrinsic Value

    The true value of a stock, based on fundamentals rather than market price.

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    Investment Assets

    Different types of financial instruments or physical items owned by an investor.

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    Study Notes

    Investment Basics

    • Investment is using saved money to generate a return in the future.
    • Money earned is partly spent and the rest saved for future expenses.

    Why Invest?

    • Investment is needed to earn returns on idle resources.
    • Investment can generate a specified amount of money for a specific goal.
    • Investment provides a means to prepare for future uncertain events like inflation.

    Inflation

    • Inflation is the rate at which the cost of living increases.
    • Inflation causes money to lose value over time.
    • A 6% inflation rate for 20 years significantly increases the cost of goods.

    Investment Options

    • Physical assets like real estate, gold, and jewellery are investment options.
    • Real estate and gold investing can be challenging but potentially rewarding, requiring patience and time.
    • Gold prices increased from Rs. 88 in 1947 to nearly Rs. 75,000 in 2024, indicating considerable long-term growth (∼9% CAGR).

    Comparison of Investment Options

    • Equity investments need a relatively small initial investment.
    • Gold investments also require a significant amount of capital.
    • Real estate demands a high initial investment, especially to rent out property or land.

    Short-term Financial Options

    • Savings bank accounts usually offer low interest rates (4-5% p.a).
    • Fixed deposits from banks are also known as term deposits and have minimum investment periods of 30 days or more.
    • Interest rates on short-term deposits may be lower than money market fund returns.

    Long-term Financial Options

    • Post Office Savings accounts offer a 8% annual interest rate, paid monthly.
    • Public Provident Funds (PPF) are long-term savings instruments with a 15-year maturity and an 8% interest rate annually.
    • Bonds and debentures, long-term fixed-income instruments, are issued by governments and private companies.

    Mutual Funds

    • Mutual funds pool money from investors and invest in a selection of assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, etc)
    • Mutual Fund units trade based on their Net Asset Value (NAV) (calculated during each trading session).
    • Senior Citizen Savings Scheme (SCSS) is available for individuals aged 55 and above, offering 8.20% interest payable quarterly.

    Stock Exchange

    • The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 defines a stock exchange as an entity for assisting, regulating, or controlling buying/selling of securities.
    • A stock represents a fractional ownership in a company (a share).
    • Shareholders share in the company's profits.

    Primary and Secondary Markets

    • The primary market is for issuing new securities (stocks, bonds).
    • The secondary market involves the buying and selling of existing securities.
    • Major stock exchanges in India include the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).

    Regulator: SEBI

    • SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) is responsible for protecting investor interests, developing the securities market, and regulating the market.

    Key Market Participants

    • Issuers are entities seeking capital (e.g. corporations and governments).
    • Underwriters (typically investment banks) assist issuers with selling securities to the public.
    • Investors are individuals or institutions that buy securities.

    IPOs and Other Issues

    • IPO (Initial Public Offering) is when an unlisted company issues shares to the public for the first time.
    • Further Issues occur when a company with already listed shares makes another public offering.
    • Rights Issues are offerings to existing shareholders before general public.
    • Preferential Issues are private offerings to specific groups of investors.

    Allotment and Refunds

    • Allotment of shares in an IPO/offer for sale is typically within 8 days from the issue close date.
    • Refunds for un-allotted shares are processed within 2 working days of the allotment outcome.

    Key Indicators of the Securities Market

    • Market indices (such as S&P BSE Sensex and CNX Nifty) reflect price trends in the stock market.
    • Market capitalization refers to the total value of a company's outstanding shares.
    • Stock trading occurs within defined market segments (e.g., capital market, derivative market).

    Stock Trading

    • Trading in stock exchanges used to employ open outcry and has transitioned to screen-based trading for efficient liquidity.
    • NSE utilizes satellite communications technology for trading.

    Stock Brokers

    • Stock brokers act as intermediaries between buyers/sellers of securities.
    • SEBI regulates brokers and defines criteria for registration, including eligibility, infrastructure, and experience.

    Sub-Brokers

    • Sub-brokers act as agents for registered stock brokers, assisting clients in buying and selling securities.
    • Eligibility standards for a sub-broker are regulated by SEBI.

    Precautions Before Investing

    • Ensure the broker is registered with SEBI and exchanges.
    • The maximum permissible brokerage fee is 2.5% of the purchase/sale value.
    • Review contract notes of transactions for verification.
    • Understand the risk associated with market investments.
    • Study company fundamentals and market updates.

    Broker-Client Relationship

    • Trading members need to execute agreements, typically on non-judicial stamped paper.
    • Know Your Client (KYC) procedures to protect investor financial details, and security.
    • Unique client codes aid in investor identification and transactions.

    Investor Service Cell and Arbitration

    • The investor service cell (ISC) handles investor complaints about trading members/companies.
    • Arbitration is an alternate dispute resolution method, providing a quasi-judicial process.

    Why Invest in Equities?

    • Equities (stocks) have the potential for long-term capital appreciation, outpacing many other investment types.
    • Equity investments, ideally, should be thoroughly researched by the investor before making any decisions.

    Factors Influencing Stock Price

    • Stock-specific factors relate to company expectations, financial health, and management skills.
    • Market-specific factors are influenced by broader economic and investor sentiment.

    Growth vs Value Stocks

    • Growth stocks highlight companies with significant earnings and sales potential, generally paying fewer dividends.
    • Value stocks are those overlooked by investors but have intrinsic worth higher than their current market price.

    Portfolio

    • A portfolio is a compilation of different investments to achieve a specific goal.
    • Diversification is a risk management technique to balance investments across various asset types.

    Debt Investment

    • Debt instruments (bonds and debentures) represent a lending agreement with predetermined terms for interest rate and repayment dates.
    • Key features of debt instruments involve maturity date, coupon rate of interest, and principal amount.
    • Debt market participation is primarily from institutional investors.

    Mutual Funds

    • Mutual funds consolidate money from several investors to create a diversified portfolio of investments.
    • Investment experts (fund managers) manage these funds, and the fund house (AMC) charges a fee.

    Different Types of Mutual Funds

    • Diversified funds: Invest across various sectors, suitable for balanced risk tolerance.
    • Sector funds: Focus on particular sectors for appreciation, but riskier.
    • Index funds: Mimic market indices, aiming for market-rate returns.
    • Tax-saving funds: Offer tax benefits.
    • Debt funds: Primarily invest in bonds, offering regular income and capital preservation.
    • Liquid funds: Offer high liquidity and are ideal for short-term cash management.
    • Balanced funds: Combine equity and debt investments for lower and steadier returns.
    • NAV is the per-unit market value of a mutual fund's assets.
    • This is essential in evaluating a fund's performance.
    • High NAVs do not necessarily represent improved investment prospects.

    ETF (Exchange Traded Funds)

    • ETFs are baskets of stocks similar to index funds but trade on stock exchanges at market prices.
    • ETFs provide diversified, low-cost, and liquid market exposure suitable for various investors.
    • ETFs may pay dividends on company stocks in which they have an investment.

    Market Terminologies:

    • Bull market: Implies rising stock prices;
    • Bear market: Indicates falling stock prices;
    • 52-week high/low: Reports extreme price points for a stock over a year;
    • Long position: Indicates a belief that stock prices will increase;
    • Short position: Indicates a belief that stock prices will decrease;
    • Square off: Means closing a particular position (either long or short);
    • Intraday position: Taking a trading position that is expected to be squared off within a day;
    • Volumes: The total number of transactions of a stock in a day
    • Circuit breakers: A system that halts trading in response to large price drops in stock markets. 

    Corporate Actions

    • Corporate actions refer to activities like dividends, mergers, acquisitions, or bonus issues, which can affect a company's stock price.
    • Dividends are distributions of a company's profits to shareholders.
    • Dividend yield is a ratio between the annual dividend and the current stock price.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on fundamental investment concepts such as growth and value stocks, bonds, and portfolio diversification. This quiz covers key characteristics, advantages, and market trends that every investor should understand. Perfect for beginners and those looking to refresh their investment knowledge.

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