Investing and Financial Bonds Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of bond is typically used to fund a specific public works project?

  • Revenue Bond (correct)
  • Treasury Bill
  • Series HH Savings Bond
  • General Obligation Bond
  • Municipal bonds are subject to federal tax.

    False (B)

    What are the three typical components of life insurance?

    death benefit, premium payment, and cash value

    A ______ revenue pledge means that bondholders will be paid first.

    <p>gross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bond or investment type with its term length:

    <p>Treasury Bill = Less than a year Treasury Note = 1-10 years Treasury Bond = 10-30 years Series HH savings bonds = 20 year investments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which investment stage involves investing in high-risk assets like penny stocks?

    <p>Speculative Investing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Put and Take' stage of investing involves high-risk investments for rapid growth.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one especially good source for financial information, according to the text?

    <p>SEC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Roth IRAs, money is not tax free when deposited but can be ______ tax free after 5 years.

    <p>withdrawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following investment stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Put and Take = Low-risk, liquid savings accounts Accumulation = Preparing to invest in low-risk assets Systematic Investing = Regularly funding an account with a fixed amount Strategic Investing = Actively managing investments and asset allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the annual IRA contribution limit for people over 50?

    <p>$6,500 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Withdrawals from an IRA can be made at any age without penalty.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the form that provides an account's Yearly Results according to the SEC

    <p>10-K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a qualified employer-sponsored retirement plan called?

    <p>401K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Money cannot be transferred from other retirement accounts to IRAs quietly without any tax penalties

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is objective risk also called?

    <p>Degree of risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Market makers primarily operate in exchange markets rather than OTC markets.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of profits for a market maker?

    <p>The spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The date in which new investors are ineligible for dividends is the ______ date.

    <p>record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following IPO agreement types with their description:

    <p>Firm commitment = Underwriter buys securities from issuer and sells them, assuming inventory risk. Best efforts = Underwriters act as salesman and not as dealers and unsold securities are absorbed by issuer. All or None = Underwriter has authority to sell all shares or the entire underwriting is canceled if any shares remain. Standby underwriting = A company can purchase all unsold shares at a subscription price.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A regular way settlement for corporate stocks is how many days after the sale?

    <p>Three days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For treasury securities, the settlement date is two days after the trade date.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What date comes two days prior to the record date?

    <p>Ex-dividend date</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ date is when a company announces that they will pay a dividend.

    <p>declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for current yield?

    <p>(Annual Interest Payment)/(Market Price) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Duration is always greater than the years to maturity of a bond

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is a stop limit order activated?

    <p>When stock reaches stop price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Series EE bonds are guaranteed to ______ in value.

    <p>double</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NASDAQ quotation level gives access to market makers

    <p>Level 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Savings bonds are subject to state and local taxes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a money market debt instrument?

    <p>Certificates of Deposit (CDs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Financial assets represent the true wealth of an economy because they provide net income.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main decisions investors must make regarding their portfolio?

    <p>Asset allocation and security analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are securities whose value is derived from the performance of other assets.

    <p>Derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following financial market participants with their primary role:

    <p>Households = Supply capital Firms = Purchase capital Investment bankers = Underwrite securities Governments = Can supply and purchase capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential solution to the agency problem in corporations?

    <p>Aligning executive compensation with shareholder interests through stock options. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a proxy contest, shareholders attempt to override the board of directors.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of financial intermediaries in financial markets?

    <p>To bring together demanders and suppliers of capital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 2008 financial crisis was fueled by a boom in the ________ market and mass securitization.

    <p>Housing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a capital market security?

    <p>Treasury Bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of a mutual fund's total return?

    <p>Income (dividends and interest yield) and capital appreciation/depreciation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Net Asset Value (NAV) is always the best way to measure fund performance because it reflects the actual value of the fund.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to avoid tax headaches when investing in mutual funds?

    <p>Place tax inefficient funds in tax-deferred accounts such as IRAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Distributions from mutual funds are typically taxed as ______ gains.

    <p>capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Total Return = The overall return on an investment, including income and capital appreciation. NAV = The value of a fund's assets less its liabilities, divided by the number of outstanding shares. Tax Loss Carryforwards = Capital losses that can be used to offset capital gains in future years. Distributions = Payments made by a mutual fund to its shareholders from income and capital gains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a fund's NAV when it makes a distribution to shareholders?

    <p>The NAV decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High turnover funds are generally more tax-efficient than low turnover funds.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following professionals is a source for purchasing mutual funds?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of redemption fees charged on mutual funds?

    <p>To discourage short-term trading. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bond duration is the number of years for a bond to reach maturity from its issue date.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to securities that cannot be sold in the marketplaces since they are bought for investment and not resale?

    <p>Letter securities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Investment banks earn a profit between the purchase and sale price of bonds they underwrite, and this profit is called the __________.

    <p>Underwriting spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bond types with their description:

    <p>Debenture = Unsecured bond backed by the issuer's creditworthiness. Collateral Trust Bond = Secured by a portfolio of securities held in trust. Convertible Bond = Can be exchanged for a pre-determined number of the issuing company's shares. Income Bond = Pays interest only if the issuer earns sufficient income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which investment strategy involves investing a fixed amount regularly, typically monthly, regardless of market conditions?

    <p>Dollar cost averaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bonds bought on exchanges usually have lower markups than those bought over the counter (OTC).

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the price of a bond goes above its face value, what term is used to describe its trading status?

    <p>Premium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The risk that the profits of an investment will be reinvested at a lower interest rate, leading to lower returns, is known as __________ risk.

    <p>Reinvestment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions will result in the bond taking less time since there is more money coming at each period?

    <p>Higher coupon rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treasury bonds have maturities ranging from one to ten years

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are municipal bond debentures called?

    <p>General obligation bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treasury bonds (T Bonds) pay interest __________.

    <p>Semiannually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bond term to what it means:

    <p>Par Value = Amount the investor will get at maturity Yield to Maturity = Total return of a bond Present Value = Current worth of a stream of cash flows Coupon Rate = Rate paid consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to invest in mutual funds for individual investors?

    <p>No-load funds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Investments

    Current commitments of money with expected future returns.

    Real Assets

    Tangible assets that provide net income and create wealth.

    Fixed Income Assets

    Assets providing a consistent income stream based on a formula.

    Derivatives

    Securities whose value is based on the performance of other assets.

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    Portfolio

    A collection of diverse assets held by an investor.

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    Agency Problems

    Issues arising when executives do not act in shareholders' best interests.

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    Capital Allocation

    The process of distributing financial resources among various investments.

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    Financial Intermediaries

    Institutions that connect savers and borrowers to facilitate investments.

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    Venture Capital

    Funding provided to startups and private companies with high growth potential.

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    Securitization

    The process of pooling various types of debt to create new securities.

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    Treasury Bills

    Short-term government securities with maturities less than one year.

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    Municipal Bonds

    Debt securities issued by local governments, free of federal tax.

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    General Obligation Bonds

    Municipal bonds for financing public facilities without specific revenue sources.

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    Mortgage-Backed Securities

    Investment products made up of pooled mortgages sold by banks.

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    Life Insurance Components

    Includes death benefit, premium payments, and cash value for dependents.

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    Total Return

    The overall return of a mutual fund, including income and capital appreciation.

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    Income in Yield

    Income generated from dividends and interest, part of total return.

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    NAV (Net Asset Value)

    The value of a mutual fund's total assets minus liabilities, per share.

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    Impact of Distributions on NAV

    Distributions lower NAV but do not reduce actual shareholder wealth.

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    Capital Gains Taxes

    Taxes owed on profit from fund distributions, affecting net return.

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    High Turnover Funds

    Funds that frequently buy and sell assets, often tax inefficient.

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    Tax-Loss Carryforwards

    Capital losses that can offset future capital gains for tax purposes.

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    Tax Managed Funds

    Funds designed to minimize tax liabilities for investors.

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    Risk

    Uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss.

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    Objective Risk

    Variation of actual loss from expected loss.

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    Bid

    Price an investor is willing to sell a security.

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    Ask

    Price an investor is willing to buy a security.

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    Market Value

    Current price of a security based on bid or ask.

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    IPO: Firm Commitment

    Underwriter buys securities, sells, and pays issuer.

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    IPO: Best Efforts

    Underwriter sells on behalf, issuer absorbs unsold.

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    Yield to Maturity

    Total return if a bond is held until maturity.

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    Duration

    Measure of a bond's volatility based on interest rates.

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    Series EE Bonds

    U.S. Treasury bonds guaranteed to double in value.

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    Series I Bonds

    Non-marketable bonds with a variable inflation rate.

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    Ex-Dividend Date

    Date stock trades without the upcoming dividend.

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    Trade Date

    When a sale or deal of a security is executed.

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    Settlement Date

    When the transaction of securities must be completed.

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    Cash Transactions

    Settled on the same day as the trade.

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    Put and Take

    Stage of investing where money is put into low-risk accounts for steady growth.

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    Accumulation Stage

    Gathering money to prepare for investing, typically starting in your 20s or 30s.

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    Systematic Investing

    Regularly investing a fixed amount into low-risk assets over time.

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    Strategic Investing

    Actively managing investments by adjusting proportions of stocks and bonds.

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    Speculative Investing

    Investing in high-risk assets with extra money, often involves high rewards or losses.

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    Sources of Financial Information

    Various places to obtain reliable financial data for investing decisions.

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    IRA Contributions

    Individual can invest up to $5500 into an IRA, $6500 if over 50.

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    IRA Withdrawals

    Withdrawals from an IRA are penalized if taken before age 59 and a half.

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    Employer Sponsored Plans

    Retirement accounts offered by employers, can be qualified or unqualified.

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    Roth IRA

    After 5 years, withdrawals from a Roth IRA are tax-free, but contributions are taxed.

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    Load Funds

    Mutual funds that charge fees called loads or sales charges.

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    No-Load Funds

    Mutual funds that do not charge sales commissions or loads.

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    Dollar Cost Averaging

    Investing a fixed amount regularly to reduce risk over time.

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    Market Timing

    Attempting to predict market changes to maximize returns.

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    Expense Ratio

    Ongoing fees associated with managing a mutual fund, expressed as a percentage.

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    Bond Duration

    Time taken to recover the true cost of a bond, reflecting sensitivity to interest changes.

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    Redemption Fees

    Fees imposed on selling a fund before a certain period, discouraging short-term trading.

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    Face Value

    The amount paid to a bondholder at maturity, also called par value.

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    Coupon Rate

    The interest rate paid by bond issuers to bondholders, usually annually or semiannually.

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    Collateral

    Assets used to secure loans, reducing default risk.

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    Secured Bonds

    Bonds backed by real assets, perceived as safer investments.

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    Unsecured Bonds (Debentures)

    Bonds not backed by specific assets, relies on issuer's creditworthiness.

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    Treasury Bonds

    Government bonds with fixed interest rates, considered safe but no collateral.

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    Study Notes

    Investments

    • Investments are current commitments of money in expectations of future returns
    • Financial assets are claims in real assets
    • Real assets provide net income; when these assets and liabilities are cancelled out, real assets are the only true wealth of the economy
    • Fixed income assets provide a stream of income based on a specific formula, these can vary on different maturities and payment provisions
    • Money market debt is short term, highly marketable, and low risk (T-bills, CDs)
    • Capital market securities are treasury bonds and junk bonds and are riskier and longer term
    • Equity assets are an ownership share in a firm and performance is directly tied to the firm's performance
    • Derivatives are securities whose value depends on the performance of other assets
    • Investors also trade real assets such as commodities
    • Stock prices measure the general opinion of investors on firms
    • Financial assets are used to store excess income
    • Firms acting in the best interest of the shareholders encourage proper allocation

    Financial Intermediaries

    • Financial intermediaries have almost all financial assets and a diversified portfolio of investments
    • Investment companies pool, research, and invest money into portfolios
    • Investment bankers sell securities to the public through public offerings
    • Venture capital and private equity firms invest in private and startup companies
    • The 2008 financial crisis was caused by a boom in the housing market which fueled mass securitization by Fannie and Freddie
    • Insurance for these called credit default swaps also came
    • Financial assets determine how the ownership of real assets is distributed among investors.

    The Money Market

    • The money market is a subsector of the debt market and is traded in large quantities so it's out of reach to retail investors
    • Treasury bills are the safest and most marketable money market securities
    • Investors buy these at a discount to maturity and get the face value at maturity
    • The maturities are 4, 13, 26, 52 weeks and are highly liquid
    • Certificates of deposit are time deposits in banks and cannot be withdrawn until the period is over and pay interest

    Broking and Trading

    • Brokers call are funds borrowed from banks
    • Federal funds are the bank deposits with the federal reserve
    • Banks lend to meet reserve requirements
    • Money market securities are usually safe havens for investors
    • T bonds are government securities that have maturities from 10 to 30 years
    • T notes have maturities up to 10 years

    Investment Fundamentals

    • Transactions are conducted on primary and secondary markets
    • Private transactions are done through private placement
    • A firm commitment is the typical underwriting agreement, where the investment bank buys the securities and sells them to the public
    • Shelf registration is the gradual sale of securities to the market
    • Bankers go on roadshows and engage in book building by trying to attract investment interest
    • Dealer markets have a go between person called a dealer
    • Direct search markets are unregulated and OTC
    • Brokered markets have brokers that act as agents

    Essentials of Investment

    • Unit investment trusts are unmanaged fixed portfolios
    • These trusts have a life
    • Comingled funds are investors who pool their money together and give it to a manager
    • Mutual funds are at a pass through status in that taxes are paid by the investor
    • ETFs are portfolios that are traded like stocks
    • Bonds are IOUs and periodically pay interest payments called Coupon Payments
    • Bonds are typically sold in denominations of 1000
    • Accrued interest is crucial for the actual price of the bond and is added to the stated price
    • Most bonds are bought through a computer quotation system
    • Bonds with high bond ratings have lower YTMs
    • Callable bonds give issuers the option to repurchase bonds
    • Convertible bonds have the ability to convert to shares and lower interest rates and YTMs
    • Puttable bonds allow bondholders to extend or exchange bonds
    • Floating rate bonds have interest rates tied to market conditions
    • Preferred stock is a fixed income investment that provides a fixed dividend

    Risk Management and Insurance

    • Risk is the defined uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss
    • Objective risk is how much the actual loss varies from the expected loss
    • Investment terminology covers two key domestic exchanges: NYSE and American Stock Exchange
    • Five regional exchanges for stocks include: Boston, Chicago, Cincinatti, Pacific, Philadelphia stock exchanges
    • Specialists or designated market makers determine bid/ask prices for each security
    • Market makers usually focus on OTC markets
    • Securities firms can act as agents or principals when trading on an exchange

    Investment Fundamentals: Savings

    • Savings are what is left after expenditures in disposable income
    • People can invest or save with savings bonds
    • These are bonds guaranteed by the US Treasury
    • They are not subject to State or Local Taxes
    • There are guaranteed to double in value
    • Another type is Series I Bonds that are non-marketable and have variable inflation rate
    • Investment fundamentals cover stages of investing
    • Put and Take is when you put your money in a checking account
    • Accumulation is when you gather money
    • Strategic investing is when the investor slowly funds his account with an amount periodically

    Financial Information

    • There are many and good sources for financial information
    • One good source is the SEC with forms like 10-K, 10-Q, and forms 3, 4, and 5
    • Another place is company websites that store earnings and news
    • Analysts also provide reports

    Individual Savings Accounts

    • Retirement Accounts can either be sponsored by an employer or it can be sponsored by an individual investor, these accounts are usually tax deductible.
    • People can invest up to 5500 or 6500 dollars in an IRA per year
    • IRA withdrawals have penalties in most circumstances unless it is for financial hardship, the withdrawals can only be made when terminating an IRA or financial hardship

    Pensions

    • Two types of pensions are defined benefit and defined contribution
    • Defined benefits are increasingly rare

    Taxes

    • Many investment wrappers are tax deferred
    • When withdrawing income from a pension, 25% of the money is tax-free.
    • The main taxes include income tax, savings tax, and capital gains taxes

    Loans

    • Debt is an investment security and those securities are called bonds
    • Corporate debt can be secured or unsecured.
    • Mortgages are secured by a house

    Mortgages

    • Mortgage backed securities are mortgages
    • They securitize it and place it in its own corporation

    Life Insurance

    • Life insurance protects the dependents of someone in the case of an expected death.

    Unit Investment Trusts

    • Unit investment trusts are hybrids of closed and open investment companies
    • They have a date in which they will dissolve.

    Opened-ended investment companies

    • These do not have restrictions on the number of shares that can be issued.
    • Shares are bought and sold based on NAV
    • A board of directors defines the funds offered to the public.
    • A custodian is responsible for the possession of the securities purchased.
    • An investment advisor invests the money in the fund.
    • A transfer agent manages share issuance.
    • Dealer actually do the work of the sponsors.
    • Funds can be specialized in different ways.

    Pricing, Dealing, and Settlement

    • Open mutual funds are usually priced based on NAV.
    • Closed mutual funds are priced based on supply and demand

    Investment Trusts/Closed-ended Funds

    • Closed Ended funds are another option in investing
    • Their price moves with supply and demand
    • They can trade at premiums or discount.
    • They can use leverage.
    • They are often designed for income.
    • These usually have higher fees
    • Closed end funds have initial public offering of shares
    • They have specialized portfolios.
    • The shares of a fund are not redeemed by the fund.
    • They are managed by an investment advisor

    Stock Market

    • The stock market is one of two main ways for companies to raise money.
    • The stock market allows the public to get higher returns.
    • Stock market boosts the economy with companies using the capital.

    Stock Tables

    • Stock tables are read for investment information

    Interest (Compound and Simple)

    • You can find the number of years it takes to double your money using compound interest
    • Compound interest makes the stock market different from other markets in that it compounds
    • Other investments do not compound other than bonds, currency, commodity markets

    Financial Services and Markets

    • After the crash of 1929, the federal government increased financial regulations
    • The Securities Act of 1933
    • The Securities Exchange Act of 1934
    • The Investment Advisors Act of 1940

    Financial Crime

    • Many common types of financial crime include insider trading, embezzlement, tax fraud, insurance fraud, identity theft, money laundering, and credit card fraud
    • Market manipulation
    • Market abuse

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on different types of investments and financial bonds, including municipal bonds, life insurance components, and IRA regulations. This quiz covers key concepts and terms crucial for understanding personal finance and investment strategies.

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