38 Questions
What significant gains did high dose participants show compared to low dose participants at 6 months?
Increase in interpersonal closeness
In the investigation of psilocybin doses, what was used to measure the effects on normal volunteers?
A battery of attitudinal-behavioural tests
What enduring changes can psilocybin cause according to the text?
Trait-like changes in positive prosocial attitudes
What were the effects on depression and anxiety within-group across 4 studies involving 117 subjects?
Effects were large with Hedges g between 1.16 to 1.47
What significant gains did high dose participants show compared to low dose participants related to spirituality at 6 months?
Increase in daily spiritual experiences
In placebo-controlled studies, what were the pre-post effects on depression and anxiety compared to the placebo group?
Effects were large with Hedges g of 0.82 to 0.83
What is the primary neurotransmitter locus that Psilocybin affects?
5HT – 2A
Which neurotransmitter loci do SSRIs and SNRIs primarily affect?
5HT – 2C and 5HT- 6
Which compound was used as a comparison to high dose psilocybin in the double-blind study mentioned?
Ritalin
What type of experiences does psilocybin cause when combined with meditation?
Mystical-type experiences
What type of changes were observed in psychological functioning after the use of psilocybin?
Positive changes
What did the Psilocybin experience involve besides drug effects?
Therapeutic alliance
What type of health behavior engagement can psychedelics promote, based on the text?
Mindfulness-based interventions
Which substance is mentioned as a potent and long-lasting antidepressant in the text?
LSD
Which treatment can bring about the cessation of depression within hours?
Ketamine infusions
Which Toronto-based service offers integrated ketamine therapy for treatment-resistant depression?
Field Trip
In the context of psychedelic therapy, what is the usual length of a 'trip' with MDMA treatment at Remedy?
8 hours
What type of disorder has MDMA been particularly effective with, as mentioned in the text?
Post-traumatic stress disorder
What breakthrough findings were achieved by Griffith with LSD research?
Improved long-term success rates in treating alcoholism
What did Harvard's psychology department under D. McClelland do regarding LSD-based research?
Shut down research and confiscated drugs
What role did Richard Alpert, PhD, play after being fired from Harvard faculty?
Continued LSD experimentation under IFIF
What key components were part of the excellent research designs in the LSD research mentioned?
Addressing placebo effects through dose-response curve comparisons
What difficulties did Harvard's LSD-based research face that led to its shutdown?
Non-clinical experiments leading to widespread drug use
What is the purpose of undergoing 3 blood infusions of ketamine in the treatment protocol described in the text?
To alleviate chronic neuropathic pain caused by tissue damage
What distinguishes a 'microdose' from a regular dose of a substance as per popular protocols mentioned in the text?
It is lower than the dose that significantly alters perceptions
What do individuals who engage in 'microdosing' with psychedelics primarily seek based on the text?
To achieve 'sufficient' drug effects without chronic dosing
What is the focus of the systematic narrative review mentioned in the text by Sandra J. Drozdz and colleagues?
Reviewing literature on ketamine-assisted psychotherapy
What was the goal of conducting semi-structured interviews as part of an investigation detailed in the text?
To understand motivations, goals, and experiences of individuals who microdose
What is the duration of a typical ketamine treatment at the Canadian Rapid Treatment Centre of Excellence?
60 minutes with a moderate dose of 0.5 milligrams per kilogram
Who offers integrated ketamine therapy for treatment-resistant depression in Toronto, based on the text?
Field Trip
In the 1950s, where did the research on psychedelics begin?
Canada
In Harvard's LSD research, what disorder did LSD show effectiveness in treating across decades?
Alcoholism disorders
What is the primary focus of Toronto-based service 'Remedy' in terms of treatment?
MDMA treatment based on randomized controlled trials
What were the results, in terms of Hedges g, for pre-post effects on depression and anxiety across 3 placebo-controlled studies?
0.82 to 0.83
Which neurotransmitter loci do SSRIs and SNRIs primarily affect?
Serotonin and Norepinephrine
In the investigation of psilocybin doses with normal volunteers, what was the highest dose administered per 70 kg?
30 mg
What kind of changes were observed in psychological functioning after the use of psilocybin based on the text?
Positive prosocial attitudes & healthy psychological functioning
What type of behaviors originate from support for spiritual experiences according to the text?
Changes
Study Notes
Psychedelics and Health Behaviour Engagement
- Psychedelics can promote health behaviour engagement, including mindfulness-based interventions, aerobics, diet, and alcohol abstention for problem drinkers.
- Psilocybin, a potent and long-lasting antidepressant, can also treat other addictions.
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
- Ketamine infusions can bring about the cessation of depression within hours or days, but with inconsistencies in duration effects.
- MDMA has been especially effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder.
- LSD is effective in treating alcoholism disorders and drinking cessation.
Toronto-Based Services
- Field Trip offers integrated ketamine therapy for treatment-resistant depression, anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Remedy provides MDMA treatment based on randomized controlled trials, with a therapist available for 8 hours to support strong emotions or somatic experiences.
Research History
- Research began in the 1950s in a Canadian facility, with H. Osmond, MD, and A. Hoffer, MD, treating patients with LSD in 1953.
- By the end of the 1960s, they treated 2,000 patients with consistent results, with one large LSD dose being effective in the treatment of alcoholism (~ 40-45% of cases).
Research Difficulties
- Research difficulties followed due to Harvard adopting LSD-based research, which resulted in experimentation with grad and undergrad students.
- Harvard's psychology department shut down research and confiscated drugs, leading to Leary continuing experimentation with LSD under the International Foundation for Internal Freedom (IFIF).
Breakthrough Findings
- Griffith's research transformed the area into "useful" research with breakthrough findings, using excellent research designs, including randomization, dose-response curve comparisons, and careful investigation of meaning and mood effects.
Psilocybin Research
- Psilocybin affects different serotonin neurotransmitters than SSRIs or SNRIs, primarily affecting the 5HT-2A neurotransmitter.
- Psilocybin produces a chemical impact that may reflect a lengthy history of use, with imagery on Spanish prehistoric murals and rock paintings suggesting use predates recorded history.
- Psilocybin can cause enduring trait-like changes in positive prosocial attitudes and healthy psychological functioning.
Microdosing
- Microdosing involves dividing 7 days into microdose days and microdose-free days, with a microdose being lower than the dose that changes visual and other sensory perceptions.
- Individuals who microdose often seek "sufficient" drug effects and envision achieving "changes" that render further intake unnecessary.
Explore the impact of different psilocybin doses and levels of support on spiritual practices through attitudinal-behavioral tests in a study involving 75 normal volunteers. The study includes a double-blind dose manipulation with varying levels of psilocybin doses.
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